Enzymes | Putative functions | Taxon of identified gene | Reference | Bombus huntiilife stage/caste1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidation and reduction enzymes | ||||
Aldehyde dehydrogenases | Acetaldehyde detoxification | Drosophila melanogaster | [25] | ii, iii, v, vi, vii |
Alcohol dehydrogenases | Interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of NADH | D. melanogaster | [25] | all |
Catalases | Catalyze H2O2 to H2O and O2 | Anopheles gambiae | [26] | i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii |
Cytochrome P450s | Detoxify xenobiotics by transferring O2 to a substrate and producing H2O2, OH–, O2- | D. melanogaster, A. gambiae, Tyria jacobaeae, Culex quinquefasciatus | all | |
Dehalogenases | Remove halogen from haloacid compounds | Sinorhizobium meliloti | [29] | iii, iv, vi, vii |
Hydroxylases | Degrades toxic organic compounds and pesticides by introducing –OH | Chrysopogon zizanioides | [30] | ii-vii |
Oxidoreductases | Detoxify gramine | Sitobion avenae | [31] | all |
Peroxidases | Catalyze H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides (OHPs) | A. gambiae | [32] | all |
Superoxide dismutases (SOD) | Catalyze the dismutation of O2– into O2 and H2O2 | A. mellifera | all | |
Thioredoxins/glutaredoxins | Detoxification of ROS | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | [35] | i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Conjugation enzymes | ||||
Acetyltransferases | Detoxify sulfadiazine and aromatic chemicals by transferring acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines | Legionella pneumophila, Homo sapiens | i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii | |
Acyltransferase | Catalyze carboxylic acid group, such as benzoic, isovaleric, or acetylsalicylic acids | H. sapiens | [38] | i, ii, iv, vi, vii, viii |
CoA transferases | Acetate detoxification | Aspergillus nidulans | [39] | viii |
Formyltransferases | Formaldehyde detoxification | Burkholderia fungorum | [40] | i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii |
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) | Detoxify endogenous compounds (peroxidised lipids) and exogenous toxins (pyrethroid and organophosphate) by catalyzing reduced glutathione | Tenebrio molitor, Bombus ignites, Locusta migratoria manilensis | all | |
Glycosyltransferases | Glycosyltransfer to OH–, NH2-, SH-, or COOH for detoxifying insecticides | Bombyx mori | all | |
Methyltransferases | Catalyze methylation reactions using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a substrate for detoxification | H. sapiens | [43] | all |
Phosphotransferases | Detoxify insecticides such as DDT | Triatoma infestans | [44] | i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Sulfotransferases | Detoxify insecticides such as DDT | T. infestans | [44] | iii, vii |
Transaminases or aminotransferases | Detoxify 3-hydroxykynurenine and glyoxylate by catalyzing amino acid and α-keto acid | Aedes aegypti, D. melanogaster | [45] | ii-viii |
Hydrolytic enzymes | ||||
Acetylcholine and carboxyl esterases | Detoxify pyrethroids and organophosphates by hydrolysis of acyl group or ester bonds | Lucilia cuprina, D. melanogaster | [22] | all |
Acid/Alkaline phosphatases | Detoxify endotoxin and plant toxin | Danio rerio, Agriolimax agrestis | ii, iii, vi, vii | |
Amidases | Detoxify toxic amides or esters, or organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides | Acromyrmex octospinosus | [48] | ii, iii, iv, vi, vii, viii |
Aminopeptidases | Detoxify Bt Cry toxin, mycotoxin, organophosphonates, pyrethroid esters, microbial or botanical pesticides | B. mori, Pseudoplusia includens, E. coli | all | |
Cyclohydrolase | Hydrolysis of L-phenylalanine | Drosophila spp. | [50] | vi |
Glycosidases | Hydrolyze sugar-containing compounds such as tannic acid and gallic acid | Manduca sexta | [48] | i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii |
Glycosylases | Detoxify cytotoxic and cytostatic substances such as 5-methyl group of a thymine residue, biodegrade saponins | Phaeosphaeria nodorum, P. avenaria f. sp. triticea | [51] | i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Nitrilases | Detoxify HCN | Caenorhabditis elegans | [52] | i-vii |
Phosphodiesterase | Break phosphodiester bond for hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides | E. coli | [53] | ii, iii, iv, vi, vii |
Phosphohydrolases | Detoxify cypermethrin and bifenthrin | Tribolium castaneum | [54] | ii, iii-viii |
Others with possible stress related functions | ||||
ABC transporters | Export conjugated toxins out of the cell | Drosophila spp. | [11] | vii, viii |
Cadherins | Resistance to Bt toxin (Cry1Ac) | Helicoverpa armigera | [55] | i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Heat shock proteins | Involved in folding and unfolding of proteins, detoxification of pesticides and heavy metals | Chironomus tentans | [56] | all |
Isomerases | Detoxify organophosphates by structural rearrangement of isomers | E. coli | [16] | all |
Lyases | Break various chemical bonds other than hydrolysis and oxidation for detoxification | Zygaena transalpina | [57] | all |