From: LTR retroelements are intrinsic components of transcriptional networks in frogs
Family | Type | Occurrence/remarks | Ref. | Genome | Transcriptome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SIL-G | SIL-T | SIL-D | CYC-T | PEL-T | ||||
Bel/Pao | Kobel | first detected in the genome of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii; present in protostomes and deuterostomes | [32] | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Only known from animal genomes; relatively few elements are reported across diverse animal phyla | ||||||||
Hydra3.1 | described from the genome of Hydra magnipapillata; also present in cnidarian and protostome genomes | [42] | ● | |||||
Ty1/Copia | Hydra1.1 | includes two elements that have described from the invertebrate Hydra magnipapillata and the zebrafish Danio rerio | [32] | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
Widespread in eukaryotic genomes; two main sub-clades can be distinguished | ||||||||
Mtanga | so far only known from the genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae | [43] | ● | ● | ||||
Zeco | restricted to crustaceans, urochordates, and fish | [44] | ● | |||||
Ty3/Gypsy | Amn-san | belongs to the vertebrate lineage of chromoviruses, active in fish, amphibians, and reptiles | [32] | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
The largest family of LTR REs; widespread among the genomes of plants, animals, and fungi | ||||||||
Cer | first described from nematodes | [45] | ● | ● | ||||
CsRN1 | characterized from the genome of the trematode Clonorchis sinensis | [46] | ● | |||||
Gmr | circulate within the genomes of deuterostomes; characterized by Ty1/Copia pol-domain organization | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
Mag | widely spread through animal genomes including vertebrates | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
Retroviridae | MuERV | poorly known outside mammals (belongs to class 3 of retroviruses) | ● | ● | ● | |||
Exclusively found in vertebrate genomes; characterized by the presence of a gene encoding an envelope protein | ||||||||
SnRV | described from the snakehead fish (Ophicephalus striatus); belongs to class 1 of retroviruses | [53] | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
XEN1 | described from Xenopus laevis; belongs to class 1 of retroviruses | [54] | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |