Table 1 Overview over effects observed in space-flight isolation experiments after analysis of urine proteomics.

before isolation and

week 1-6

week 7 - 11

week 12 - 15 and after isolation

12 g/day (week 1-6)

9 (week 7-9), 12 (week 10) and 6 g/day (week 11)

6 g/day (week 12-15)

inflammation, cell adhesion, blood coagulation, proteolysis, angiogenesis, Ca²⁺ binding, extracellular region

cell division, lipid metabolism, skin development, keratinization, chromatin remodeling, response to oxidative stress and hypoxia, regulation of apoptosis

response to drug/toxin, small molecule metabolic process, intracellular, Mg²⁺ binding, response to Zinc, Cell death, G-protein coupled receptor, regulation of blood pressure (renin/angiotensin)

immune response; nervous system; nucleotide, amino acid and lipid (butanoate) metabolism

digestive system; metabolism; regenerative processes (Wnt-signaling pathway and N-glycan biosynthesis)

signal transduction; response to stress (p53-, mTOR-signaling pathway), energy metabolism (ubiquinone biosynthesis)

Liver, kidney, pancreas, (partly skin)

muscle

testis, stomach, (partly liver and kidney)

NaCl related interactome activated [10], NaCl storage in an osmotically inactive form and micro-vascularization [6, 7], renal proteins activated [11]

blood pressure decrease and aldosterone level increase [4]

increasing and high

decreasing

low

27%

20%

>50%

G, E, D, M, N, L

J, P, Q

R

R, Q, J, P

D, E, G, Q, R

G, E, D, M, N, L, P

see Additional file 2

see Additional file 3