Figure 5

Schematic representation of two component phosphorelay systems (adapted from [180]). In response to an environmental signal the two component phosphorelay signaling cascade is initiated by ATP-dependent autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase (HK) at a conserved histidine residue. Then this phosphate is transferred to a conserved aspartic acid within a response regulator (RR) domain, which ultimately causes a change in transcription of the respective target gene or regulation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway [101].