Fig. 5

Simplified gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway in plants, and abundance of GA profiles in aerial tissues derived from crown buds of glyphosate-treated leafy spurge. (a) GA biosynthesis occurs in three stages in different subcellular compartments: cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate by copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) to produce ent-kaurene in the plastids; conversion of ent-kaurene into GA12 via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (e.g., KO, KAO) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); conversion of GA12 to bioactive forms of GA (e.g., GA1 and GA4 indicated with blue text) in the cytosol via 13-hydroxylation pathway or non-hydroxylation pathway. Red italic text indicates the genes involved in particular step/s of the pathway. (b) Abundance of GA precursors (GA19, GA24, GA53) and catabolism products (GA34). Data represent the mean of four biological replicates obtained from lyophilized tissue (DW), ‘nd’ indicates ‘not detectable’; vertical bars indicate ± SE of the mean