Fig. 3

Gene expression profiles of resistant An. arabiensis from (A) Migori and (B) Siaya exposed to deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and alpha-cypermethrin in comparison to the susceptible An. arabiensis Dongola strain. The horizontal dotted line on the volcano plot denotes a P-value of 0.01 while the vertical dotted lines indicate twofold expression differences. On the x-axis of each plot, genes that are overexpressed in the population are > 0. The -log10FDR values greater than 40 are displayed as 40. Generally, differentially expressed genes associated with cuticular proteins (CPs) and salivary gland proteins (SGPs) were over-expressed at higher proportions in all the six comparisons. COE = carboxylesterases; CP = cuticular protein; CYP = cytochrome P450s monooxygenases; GST = glutathione S-transferases; SGP = salivary gland protein