Fig. 4

Gene composition, evolution, and expression characteristics of phenylpropanoid–flavonoid (PF) biosynthetic pathway in T. mongolicus. a Composition and location of PF-biosynthetic-pathway-related genes of T. mongolicus. The circle plot represents the distribution of genes associated with the PF pathway in the T. mongolicus genome. The bar chart in the upper right corner of the circle plot indicates the origin of the PF genes in the species. DSD, dispersed duplication; PD, proximal duplication; TD, tandem duplication; TRD, transposed duplication; WGD, whole-genome duplication. b Ka/Ks ratios and Ks values of gene pairs originating from different types of gene duplication. c Genes encoding key enzymes of PF pathway in T. mongolicus and their origin from different types of gene duplication. The color and size of the bubbles represent the duplication types and numbers of genes in the pathway. d Expression profiling of DEGs from PF pathway in four tissues in T. mongolicus. Abbreviations: C4H, Cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; COMT, Caffeic acid 3-Omethyltransferase; CCR, Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; HCT, Shikimate Ohydroxycinnamoyltransferase; REF1, Coniferyl-aldehyde dehydrogenase; CAD, Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase; DFR, dihydroflflavonol 4-reductase; F3H, naringenin 3-dioxygenase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; POD, peroxidase; C3ʹH, 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3ʹ-monooxygenase; F3ʹH, flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase; FLS, flavonol synthase; CSE, caffeoylshikimate esterase; ANS, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase. e Metabolome characteristics of PF pathway in T. mongolicus. The colored circles represent the abundance of the metabolites identified in the PF pathway in four tissues