Figure 2

In MSTN -null mice, regulators of the PI3K pathway and cell survival/apoptosis likely contribute to muscle hypertrophy. PI3K signalling pathway: PI3K, Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 Kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; eIF2B, eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 2B; PTEN, tumour-suppressor phosphatase with tensin homology (the most important negative regulator of the cell survival signalling initiated by PI3K); DJ-1, a cancer- and Parkinson's disease-associated protein (a novel regulator of the PI3K-PTEN pathway). Survival/Anti-apoptotic factors: PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase; Dad1, defender against apoptotic death; TCTP, Translationally controlled tumour protein; 14-3-3E, 14-3-3 protein epsilon; Birc5, survivin.