Table 1 Significant differentially expressed genes in skeletal muscle after acute systemic administration of β2-AR agonist
Gene Name | Genebank ID | 1 HOUR | 4 HOURS | Potential Relevant Function | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
change | p-value | change | p-value | |||
Growth and myoblast differentiation related | ||||||
Integrin beta 1 binding protein 3 (Itgb1bp3) | XM_125745.1 | + 3.28 | NS | + 3.84 | 0.023 | Regulation of terminal myogenesis |
Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Drosophila) (Hes1) | NM_008235.2 | + 3.58 | 0.021 | + 1.02 | NS | Possible negative regulator of myogenesis |
Small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) | NM_016769 | + 1.49 | NS | + 2.20 | 0.006 | Myoblast differentiation |
TG interacting factor (Tgif) | NM_009372.2 | + 1.53 | NS | + 2.04 | 0.033 | Smad corepressor |
Inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Idb1) | NM_010495.1 | + 1.79 | NS | + 1.92 | 0.024 | Myoblast differentiation |
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (Fgf1) | NM_010197.2 | + 1.27 | NS | + 1.92 | 0.006 | Myoblast differentiation |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) | NM_011486.2 | + 1.10 | NS | + 1.89 | 0.028 | Myocyte hypertrophy |
Small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (Smad1) | NM_008539.3 | + 1.08 | NS | - 1.85 | 0.006 | Myoblast differentiation |
Metabolism and mitochondrial related | ||||||
PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc-1α) | NM_008904.1 | + 1.53 | NS | + 5.25 | 0.022 | Mitochondrial biogenesis |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) | NM_013743.1 | + 1.35 | NS | + 2.88 | 0.016 | Pyruvate metabolism |
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (Ppp1r3c) | NM_016854.1 | + 1.34 | NS | + 2.55 | 0.021 | Glycogen maintenance |
Uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) | NM_009464.2 | + 1.42 | NS | + 2.37 | 0.017 | Mitochondrial uncoupling |
Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) | NM_019739.2 | - 1.03 | NS | + 2.29 | 0.025 | Lipid metabolism |
Kinesin family member 1B (Kif1b), transcript variant 1 | NM_008441.1 | 1.00 | NS | - 2.28 | 0.034 | Mitochondrial transport |
Hexokinase 2 (Hk2) | NM_013820.1 | + 1.53 | NS | + 2.18 | 0.006 | Glycolysis |
Phosphomevalonate kinase (Pmvk) | NM_026784.1 | + 1.31 | NS | + 2.07 | 0.012 | Cholesterol/steroid synthesis |
Plasma membrane associated protein (S3-12) | NM_020568.1 | - 1.02 | NS | + 2.03 | 0.041 | Lipid droplet protein |
Lipin 1 (Lpin1) | NM_015763 | + 1.16 | NS | + 2.03 | 0.011 | Lipid metabolism |
ATPase, H+ transporting, V1 subunit B, isoform 2 (Atp6v1b2) | NM_007509.2 | + 1.19 | NS | + 2.02 | 0.012 | ATPase |
Sorbin and SH3-domains containing 1 (Sorbs1) | NM_009166 | + 1.38 | NS | + 2.01 | 0.006 | Insulin signaling |
Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (Scarb1) | NM_016741.1 | - 1.40 | NS | - 1.91 | 0.008 | Regulation of blood lipids |
Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor delta (Pparδ) | NM_011145 | + 1.06 | NS | + 1.87 | 0.040 | Lipid metabolism |
Regulation of circadian rhythm | ||||||
Nuclear factor, interleukin 3, regulated (Nfil3) | NM_017373.2 | + 2.06 | 0.020 | + 5.32 | 0.014 | Negative regulation of circadian clock |
D site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp) | NM_016974.1 | - 4.59 | 0.015 | - 3.60 | 0.021 | Regulation of circadian rhythms |
Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) | NM_009963.3 | + 1.25 | NS | + 2.78 | 0.005 | Regulation of circadian rhythms |
Transcriptional activation | ||||||
FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos) | NM_010234.2 | + 5.17 | 0.041 | + 1.40 | NS | Early stress response |
Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut) (Klf4) | NM_010637.1 | + 3.97 | 0.015 | + 2.21 | 0.039 | Anti-proliferative |
cAMP responsive element modulator (Crem) | NM_013498.1 | + 1.65 | 0.025 | + 3.50 | 0.004 | Complex transcriptional regulation |
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (Cebpb) | NM_009883.1 | + 1.70 | NS | + 3.41 | 0.007 | Negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy |
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 (Nurr1) | NM_013613.1 | + 3.21 | 0.015 | + 1.91 | 0.044 | Complex transcriptional regulation |
Fos-like antigen 2 (Fosl2) | NM_008037.3 | + 3.00 | 0.000 | + 1.69 | 0.032 | Regulation of developmental processes |
v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein F (avian) (Maff) | NM_010755.2 | + 2.58 | NS | + 2.72 | 0.015 | Regulation of acute-phase reaction |
Activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) | NM_007498.2 | + 1.54 | NS | + 2.69 | 0.039 | Regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation |
Kruppel-like factor 2 (lung) (Klf2) | NM_008452.1 | + 2.44 | 0.027 | + 1.08 | NS | Inhibition of cell proliferation |
T-box 3 (Tbx3), transcript variant 2 | NM_011535.2 | + 1.29 | NS | + 1.98 | 0.003 | Possible cellular stress response |
LPS-induced TN factor (Litaf) | NM_019980.1 | + 2.76 | NS | + 1.87 | 0.037 | Cytokine signaling |
Histones | ||||||
Histone 1, H2ai (Hist1h2ai) | NM_178182 | - 2.07 | NS | - 2.81 | 0.038 | Chromatin structure |
Histone 1, H2ao (Hist1h2ao) | NM_178185.1 | - 2.07 | NS | - 2.62 | 0.048 | Chromatin structure |
Oxidative stress | ||||||
Metallothionein (Mt1) | NM_013602.2 | + 3.01 | NS | + 12.18 | 0.003 | Removal of oxidant radicals |
Sulfiredoxin 1 homolog (Npn3) | NM_029688.2 | + 1.68 | NS | + 10.61 | 0.005 | Oxidant reduction |
Metallothionein 2 (Mt2) | NM_008630.1 | + 2.53 | NS | + 9.53 | 0.008 | Removal of oxidant radicals |
Angiogenesis | ||||||
ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 9 (Adamts9) | XM_204236.1 | + 1.76 | NS | + 2.80 | 0.010 | Inhibition of angiogenesis |
EGL nine homolog 3 (C. elegans) (Egln3) | NM_028133.1 | + 1.35 | NS | + 2.22 | 0.042 | Hypoxia Response |
Platelet derived growth factor alpha (Pdgfa) | NM_008808 | - 1.07 | NS | - 1.92 | 0.009 | Activation of angiogenesis |
Solute carriers | ||||||
Short calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier 2 (Slc25a25) | NM_146118.2 | + 2.98 | 0.016 | + 3.01 | NS | Calcium-dependent mitochondrial solute carrier |
Tweety homolog 1 (Drosophila) (Ttyh1) | NM_021324.3 | + 1.34 | NS | + 2.16 | 0.027 | Chloride anion channel |
Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (Slc23a2) | NM_018824.2 | + 1.07 | NS | + 1.99 | 0.021 | Vitamin C transport |
Solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 3 (Slc10a3) | NM_145406.1 | + 1.30 | NS | + 1.93 | 0.015 | Organic anion/sodium transport? |
solute carrier family 20, member 1 (Slc20a1) | NM_015747.1 | + 1.81 | 0.008 | + 1.51 | NS | Phosphate transporter |
Apoptosis and cell cycle | ||||||
Polo-like kinase 3 (Plk3) | NM_013807.1 | + 2.39 | NS | + 3.52 | 0.009 | Regulation of cell cycle |
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (Cdkn1c) | NM_009876.2 | - 2.17 | NS | - 3.45 | 0.005 | Apoptosis |
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a) | NM_007669.2 | + 2.28 | 0.047 | + 3.04 | 0.019 | Apoptosis |
S100 calcium binding protein A8 (calgranulin A) (S100a8) | NM_013650.1 | - 1.04 | NS | + 2.81 | 0.039 | Cell cycle |
DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like (Ddit4l) | NM_030143.2 | - 1.04 | NS | - 2.60 | 0.032 | Apoptosis |
Cytokine induced apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Ciapin1) | NM_134141.2 | + 1.21 | NS | + 2.03 | 0.016 | Cytokine-induced inhibitor of apoptosis |
Lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3 (Lgals3) | NM_010705.1 | - 1.29 | NS | + 1.98 | 0.019 | Possible cell cycle regulator |
Cancer and DNA repair | ||||||
Jun-B oncogene (Junb) | NM_008416.1 | + 5.20 | 0.021 | + 1.81 | NS | Cell signaling |
AXIN1 up-regulated 1 (Axud1) | NM_153287.2 | + 2.84 | 0.040 | + 1.49 | NS | Tumor suppressor function? |
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha (Gadd45a) | NM_007836.1 | - 1.01 | NS | + 2.03 | 0.027 | Induced by DNA damage |
Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation 5 (Ercc5) | NM_011729 | + 1.51 | 0.050 | + 1.93 | 0.026 | Repair of UV-induced DNA damage |
Ubiquitin-proteasome system | ||||||
Ubiquitin G (Ubg) | N/A | + 1.30 | NS | + 2.36 | 0.003 | Ubiquitin-proteasome system |
Ubiquitin C (Ubc) | XM_147315.1 | + 1.30 | NS | + 2.24 | 0.002 | Ubiquitin-proteasome system |
F-box only protein 34 (Fbxo34) | NM_030236.1 | + 1.17 | NS | + 2.12 | 0.012 | Ubiquitin-proteasome system |
Ubiquitin specific protease 2 (Usp2), transcript variant 2 | NM_198091.1 | - 1.24 | NS | + 2.08 | 0.032 | Ubiquitin-proteasome system |
Miscellaneous genes | ||||||
Midnolin (Midn) | NM_021565.1 | + 2.53 | NS | + 4.87 | 0.002 | Neurogenesis |
Imprinted and ancient (Impact) | NM_008378.1 | + 2.04 | NS | + 4.70 | 0.005 | Unknown |
Emerin (Emd) | NM_007927.1 | + 1.82 | NS | + 4.07 | 0.005 | Nuclear envelope regulation? |
Downstream of Stk11 (Dos) | XM_125771 | + 2.25 | NS | + 3.83 | 0.010 | Unknown |
Phosphodiesterase 4D (Pde4d) | NM_011056.1 | + 2.06 | 0.010 | + 3.78 | 0.014 | Regulation of cAMP levels |
Interferon gamma inducible protein 30 (Ifi30) | NM_023065.2 | + 1.31 | NS | + 3.23 | 0.019 | Antigen processing |
Y box protein 3 (Ybx3) | AK029441 | + 2.59 | 0.047 | + 2.91 | 0.010 | Unknown |
DNA segment, Chr 19, Wayne State University 162, expressed (D19Wsu162e) | NM_146099 | + 1.38 | NS | + 2.85 | 0.006 | Unknown |
Alpha-kinase 2 (Alpk2) | XM_128981 | + 1.16 | NS | + 2.82 | 0.005 | Amino acid phosphorylation |
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12a (Tnfrsf12a) | NM_013749.1 | + 2.11 | NS | + 2.76 | 0.014 | Unknown |
Synaptopodin 2-like (Synpo2I) | NM_175132 | - 1.12 | NS | - 2.70 | 0.005 | May modulate actin shape |
Alkaline phosphatase 2 (Akp2) | NM_007431.1 | + 1.59 | 0.015 | + 2.69 | 0.028 | Phosphatase |
Syndecan 4 (Sdc4) | NM_011521.1 | + 1.55 | NS | + 2.68 | 0.005 | Intracellular signaling receptor |
Alpha Tubulin 6 (Tuba6) | XM_147357.1 | + 1.14 | NS | + 2.58 | 0.025 | Microtubules formation |
Avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (v-maf) AS42 oncogene homolog (Maf) | N/A | + 1.93 | 0.040 | + 2.51 | 0.008 | Unknown |
Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2 (Gpt2) | NM_173866.1 | + 1.13 | NS | + 2.04 | 0.032 | Amino acid metabolism |
Thrombomodulin (Thbd) | NM_009378.1 | + 1.87 | 0.013 | + 2.02 | NS | Anticoagulant pathway |
CCR4 carbon catabolite repression 4-like (S. cerevisiae) (Ccrn4l) | NM_009834.1 | + 1.11 | NS | + 2.01 | 0.041 | Predicted transcription factor |
Small chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (Ccl11) | NM_011330.1 | + 1.26 | NS | + 1.96 | 0.010 | Cytokine signaling |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6 (Map3k6) | NM_016693 | + 1.13 | NS | + 1.94 | 0.036 | MAPK signaling pathway |
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (Ccl9) | NM_011338.2 | + 1.01 | NS | + 1.91 | 0.018 | Cytokine signaling |
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (Map1lc3a) | NM_025735.1 | + 1.23 | NS | + 1.90 | 0.016 | Mediates interactions between microtubules and cytoskeleton |
MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (Mknk2) | NM_021462.2 | + 1.27 | NS | + 1.87 | 0.017 | MAPK signaling pathway |
Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A (Ly6a) | NM_010738.2 | - 1.14 | NS | + 1.87 | 0.018 | Cell adhesion and cell signaling |
Ssemaphorin 3F (Sema3f) | NM_011349.2 | + 1.47 | NS | + 1.86 | 0.046 | Cell signaling? |
Zinc finger protein 46 (Zfp46) | NM_009557.1 | - 1.41 | NS | - 1.86 | 0.005 | Unknown |
Optineurin (Optn) | NM_181848.3 | + 1.20 | NS | + 1.85 | 0.016 | Possible mediator of apoptosis? |
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Vasp) | NM_009499 | + 1.12 | NS | - 1.85 | 0.027 | Focal adhesion stability |