Figure 1
From: Alteration of gene expression by alcohol exposure at early neurulation
Alcohol causes dysmorphology of growing embryos. Control embryos (a), Alcohol-treated (b-f). There are many dysmorphologies including microencephaly of forebrain (b, c, f), failure of closure of midbrain (mb; c) or hindbrain (hb; f), dysmorphic optical vesicle (optic; d), flex tail (ft; e) in caudal neural tube, delay formation of heart (H) chamber (b) and occasional detachment of epicardium (epic; b and e), neural tube opening at midbrain (mb; c, arrowheads) and hindbrain (hb; f, arrowheads) in the alcohol group. Majority of the brain vesicles in alcohol-treated group were closed (ALC-NTC; b, e). Approximately 30% of the embryos were found with a neural tube opening (ALC-NTO), usually in the head fold. Scale bars: a, b, c, e, f = 0.05mm; d = 0.25 mm.