Figure 2

Summary diagram of pathways related to carotenoid metabolism (MVA, MEP, carotenoid biosynthetic and catabolism pathways). See below for legend. 1. ACAT, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; 2. HMGS, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase; 3. HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; 4. MVK, mevalonate kinase; 5. PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase; 6. PMD, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase; 7. IDI, isopentenyl-diphosphate δ-isomerase; 8. GPS, geranyl-diphosphate synthase; 9. FPS, farnesyl diphosphate synthase; 10. DXS, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; 11. DXR, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase; 12. MCT, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidyltransferase; 13. CMK, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase; 14. MDS, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; 15. HDS, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase; 16. HDR, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase; 17. GGPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; 18. KSB, ent-kaur-16-ene synthase; 19. GGPR, geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase; 20. PREA, prenyl transferase; 21. PSY, phytoene synthase; 22. PDS, phytoene desaturase; 23. Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; 24. ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; 25. CRTISO, carotene isomerase; 26. LCYE, lycopene ϵ-cyclase; 27. LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; 28. CHYB, β-carotene hydroxylase; 29. CHYE, ϵ-carotene hydroxylase; 30. ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; 31. VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; 32. NXS, neoxanthin synthase; 33. XISO, xanthophyll isomerase; 34. NCED, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; 35. SDR, short chain dehydrogenase; 36. AAO-MoCo, abscisic aldehyde oxidase-molybdenum co-factor. In the diagram, the enzymes with down-regulated gene expression level are indicated in red, the enzymes with up-regulated gene expression level in blue, while the enzymes with gene expression level that increases in the intermediate stages and decreases in the last stage in green. The asterisks identify enzymes encoded by several gene isoforms; the gene expression level of the predominant isoform is shown in the diagram.