Table 1 Putative functions for the detoxification genes expressed in different life stages of Bombus huntii , based on the function assigned when the gene was first isolated

Oxidation and reduction enzymes

Aldehyde dehydrogenases

Acetaldehyde detoxification

Drosophila melanogaster

[25]

ii, iii, v, vi, vii

Alcohol dehydrogenases

Interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of NADH

D. melanogaster

[25]

all

Catalases

Catalyze H₂O₂ to H₂O and O₂

Anopheles gambiae

[26]

i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii

Cytochrome P450s

Detoxify xenobiotics by transferring O₂ to a substrate and producing H₂O₂, OH^–, O₂^-

D. melanogaster, A. gambiae, Tyria jacobaeae, Culex quinquefasciatus

[1, 16, 27, 28]

all

Dehalogenases

Remove halogen from haloacid compounds

Sinorhizobium meliloti

[29]

iii, iv, vi, vii

Hydroxylases

Degrades toxic organic compounds and pesticides by introducing –OH

Chrysopogon zizanioides

[30]

ii-vii

Oxidoreductases

Detoxify gramine

Sitobion avenae

[31]

all

Peroxidases

Catalyze H₂O₂ and organic hydroperoxides (OHPs)

A. gambiae

[32]

all

Superoxide dismutases (SOD)

Catalyze the dismutation of O₂^– into O₂ and H₂O₂

A. mellifera

[33, 34]

all

Thioredoxins/glutaredoxins

Detoxification of ROS

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[35]

i, ii, vi, vii, viii

Conjugation enzymes

Acetyltransferases

Detoxify sulfadiazine and aromatic chemicals by transferring acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines

Legionella pneumophila, Homo sapiens

[36, 37]

i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii

Acyltransferase

Catalyze carboxylic acid group, such as benzoic, isovaleric, or acetylsalicylic acids

H. sapiens

[38]

i, ii, iv, vi, vii, viii

CoA transferases

Acetate detoxification

Aspergillus nidulans

[39]

viii

Formyltransferases

Formaldehyde detoxification

Burkholderia fungorum

[40]

i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii

Glutathione S-transferases (GST)

Detoxify endogenous compounds (peroxidised lipids) and exogenous toxins (pyrethroid and organophosphate) by catalyzing reduced glutathione

Tenebrio molitor, Bombus ignites, Locusta migratoria manilensis

[18, 41]

all

Glycosyltransferases

Glycosyltransfer to OH–, NH₂-, SH-, or COOH for detoxifying insecticides

Bombyx mori

[17, 42]

all

Methyltransferases

Catalyze methylation reactions using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a substrate for detoxification

H. sapiens

[43]

all

Phosphotransferases

Detoxify insecticides such as DDT

Triatoma infestans

[44]

i, ii, vi, vii, viii

Sulfotransferases

Detoxify insecticides such as DDT

T. infestans

[44]

iii, vii

Transaminases or aminotransferases

Detoxify 3-hydroxykynurenine and glyoxylate by catalyzing amino acid and α-keto acid

Aedes aegypti, D. melanogaster

[45]

ii-viii

Hydrolytic enzymes

Acetylcholine and carboxyl esterases

Detoxify pyrethroids and organophosphates by hydrolysis of acyl group or ester bonds

Lucilia cuprina, D. melanogaster

[22]

all

Acid/Alkaline phosphatases

Detoxify endotoxin and plant toxin

Danio rerio, Agriolimax agrestis

[46, 47]

ii, iii, vi, vii

Amidases

Detoxify toxic amides or esters, or organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides

Acromyrmex octospinosus

[48]

ii, iii, iv, vi, vii, viii

Aminopeptidases

Detoxify Bt Cry toxin, mycotoxin, organophosphonates, pyrethroid esters, microbial or botanical pesticides

B. mori, Pseudoplusia includens, E. coli

[42, 48, 49]

all

Cyclohydrolase

Hydrolysis of L-phenylalanine

Drosophila spp.

[50]

vi

Glycosidases

Hydrolyze sugar-containing compounds such as tannic acid and gallic acid

Manduca sexta

[48]

i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii

Glycosylases

Detoxify cytotoxic and cytostatic substances such as 5-methyl group of a thymine residue, biodegrade saponins

Phaeosphaeria nodorum, P. avenaria f. sp. triticea

[51]

i, ii, vi, vii, viii

Nitrilases

Detoxify HCN

Caenorhabditis elegans

[52]

i-vii

Phosphodiesterase

Break phosphodiester bond for hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides

E. coli

[53]

ii, iii, iv, vi, vii

Phosphohydrolases

Detoxify cypermethrin and bifenthrin

Tribolium castaneum

[54]

ii, iii-viii

Others with possible stress related functions

ABC transporters

Export conjugated toxins out of the cell

Drosophila spp.

[11]

vii, viii

Cadherins

Resistance to Bt toxin (Cry1Ac)

Helicoverpa armigera

[55]

i, ii, vi, vii, viii

Heat shock proteins

Involved in folding and unfolding of proteins, detoxification of pesticides and heavy metals

Chironomus tentans

[56]

all

Isomerases

Detoxify organophosphates by structural rearrangement of isomers

E. coli

[16]

all

Lyases

Break various chemical bonds other than hydrolysis and oxidation for detoxification

Zygaena transalpina

[57]

all