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Table 4 Overview of the main changes occurring in a leaf of the gln1.3 and gln1.4 mutants at the metabolome, proteome and transcriptome level

From: An integrated “omics” approach to the characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) mutants deficient in the expression of two genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase

TRANSCRIPTOME

PROTEOME

METABOLOME

TRANSCRIPTOME

PROTEOME

METABOLOME

VEGETATIVE (V)

 

Lower in gln1.3 -

  

Higher in gln1.3

 

C METABOLISM (10)

C Metabolism (4)

C METABOLISM (12)

C metabolism (4)

C metabolism (7)

C METABOLISM (14)

N metabolism (1)

 

N METABOLISM (15)

N metabolism (1)

  

CW Metabolism (3)

CW Metabolism (3)

CW Metabolism (2)

CW Metabolism (3)

CW Metabolism (1)

CW Metabolism (1)

METABOLISM (20)

Metabolism (5)

Metabolism (1)

METABOLISM (22)

Metabolism (2)

Metabolism (2)

Proteolysis (7)

Proteolysis (3)

 

Proteolysis (7)

  

SIGNALLING (16)

  

SIGNALLING (19)

  

STRESS/DEFENCE (10)

Stress /Defence (8)

 

STRESS/DEFENCE (25)

Stress/Defence (2)

 

TRANSPORT (14)

  

TRANSPORT (12)

  

Transcription (8)

  

TRANSCRIPTION (10)

  

Translation (4)

Translation (3)

 

Translation (8)

Translation (2)

 
 

Lower in gln1.4

  

Higher in gln1.4

 

C metabolism (2)

C Metabolism (2)

C METABOLISM (8)

C metabolism (1)

C Metabolism (1)

C METABOLISM (3)

 

N metabolism (1)

N Metabolism (1)

  

N Metabolism (1)

  

CW (3)

   

Metabolism (4)

  

Metabolism (4)

  

Proteolysis (1)

Proteolysis (1)

 

Proteolysis (3)

  

Signalling (7)

  

Signalling (7)

  

Stress/Defence (8)

Stress/Defence (2)

 

Stress/Defence (7)

Stress/Defence (1)

 

Transport (3)

  

Transport (6)

  

Translation (4)

Translation (2)

 

Translation (3)

Translation (2)

 

MATURITY (M)

 

Lower in gln1.3

  

Higher in gln1.3-

 

C Metabolism (6)

C METABOLISM (9)

C METABOLISM (12)

C METABOLISM (10)

C Metabolism (5)

C METABOLISM (5)

N Metabolism (3)

N metabolism (2)

 

N Metabolism (1)

N Metabolism (1)

 

CW Metabolism (1)

  

CW METABOLISM (22)

CW Metabolism (1)

CW Metabolism (1)

METABOLISM (21)

Metabolism (2)

 

METABOLISM (15)

Metabolism (5)

Metabolism (3)

PROTEOLYSIS (13)

Proteolysis (2)

 

Proteolysis (6)

  

SIGNALLING (14)

Signalling (1)

 

SIGNALLING (20)

  

STRESS/DEFENCE (22)

Stress/Defence (7)

 

STRESS/DEFENCE (24)

Stress/Defence (2)

 

TRANSPORT (15)

  

TRANSPORT (16)

Transport (1)

 

Transcription (7)

  

TRANSCRIPTION (10)

  

Translation (3)

Translation (2)

 

Translation (8)

Translation (4)

 
 

Lower in gln1.4

  

Higher in gln1.4

 

C Metabolism (6)

C Metabolism (8)

C Metabolism (5)

C Metabolism (5)

 

C Metabolism (3)

CW Metabolism (1)

 

CW Metabolism (1)

CW Metabolism (1)

 

CW Metabolism (2)

N Metabolism (4)

N metabolism (2)

N Metabolism (2)

N Metabolism (2)

 

N Metabolism (7)

METABOLISM (13)

 

Metabolism (3)

METABOLISM (18)

Metabolism (1)

Metabolism (3)

Proteolysis (7)

  

Proteolysis (4)

  

SIGNALLING (12)

Signalling (1)

 

SIGNALLING (13)

  

STRESS/DEFENCE (12)

Stress/Defence (7)

 

STRESS/DEFENCE (11)

Stress/Defence (4)

 

Transport (9)

  

TRANSPORT (10)

  

Transcription (8)

  

Transcription (8)

  

Translation (6)

Translation (1)

 

Translation (7)

  
  1. gln1.3 and gln1.4 mutant plants were grown under high N fertilisation conditions and harvested at the vegetative (V) or maturity (M) stage. The functional category that exhibited the greatest alterations when considering the number of different metabolites, proteins and mRNA transcripts, is indicated in bold capital letters (total number ≥10). Those in bold lower case had an intermediate level of increase or decrease (between 5 and 10). The others in lower case not in bold were ≤5. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of representatives in each category. The different functional categories were obtained from the different analyses presented in Additional file 1: Tables S1 to S9. C = carbon; N = nitrogen and CW = cell wall.