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Table 2 LTR retroelements discovered in the genome of Silurana tropicalis (SIL-G) and different transcriptomes of S. tropicalis (SIL-T: adult tissues; SIL-D: developmental stages), Cyclorana alboguttata (CYC-T: adult individuals), and Pelophylax lessonae (PEL-T: adult tissues) with remarks on the occurrence and distribution of these elements among animals, plants, and fungi

From: LTR retroelements are intrinsic components of transcriptional networks in frogs

Family

Type

Occurrence/remarks

Ref.

Genome

Transcriptome

SIL-G

SIL-T

SIL-D

CYC-T

PEL-T

Bel/Pao

Kobel

first detected in the genome of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii; present in protostomes and deuterostomes

[32]

Only known from animal genomes; relatively few elements are reported across diverse animal phyla

 

Hydra3.1

described from the genome of Hydra magnipapillata; also present in cnidarian and protostome genomes

[42]

    

Ty1/Copia

Hydra1.1

includes two elements that have described from the invertebrate Hydra magnipapillata and the zebrafish Danio rerio

[32]

 

Widespread in eukaryotic genomes; two main sub-clades can be distinguished

 

Mtanga

so far only known from the genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

[43]

   

 

Zeco

restricted to crustaceans, urochordates, and fish

[44]

    

Ty3/Gypsy

Amn-san

belongs to the vertebrate lineage of chromoviruses, active in fish, amphibians, and reptiles

[32]

The largest family of LTR REs; widespread among the genomes of plants, animals, and fungi

 

Cer

first described from nematodes

[45]

   

 

CsRN1

characterized from the genome of the trematode Clonorchis sinensis

[46]

   

 
 

Gmr

circulate within the genomes of deuterostomes; characterized by Ty1/Copia pol-domain organization

[47, 48]

 

Mag

widely spread through animal genomes including vertebrates

[49, 50]

Retroviridae

MuERV

poorly known outside mammals (belongs to class 3 of retroviruses)

[51, 52]

 

 

Exclusively found in vertebrate genomes; characterized by the presence of a gene encoding an envelope protein

 

SnRV

described from the snakehead fish (Ophicephalus striatus); belongs to class 1 of retroviruses

[53]

 

 

XEN1

described from Xenopus laevis; belongs to class 1 of retroviruses

[54]