Figure 5

Comparison between approaches to fit the year effect. The y-axis represents the genotype adjusted means $[M^{\left(2\right)}-\mathbf{X}\widehat{\mathbf{\beta }}$ in (A), M⁽²⁾ in (B) and M^(2∗) in (C) ] and the x-axis represents the GEBV ($\mathbf{Z}\widehat{\mathbf{u}}$). (A) Year-wise analysis (Approach 1a), fitting year as fixed effect in the GP stage, (B) Across-years analysis (Approach 2), using year in the second stage and (C) year-wise analysis using the year effect-corrected genotype means (Approach 1b). ρ _{G P} represents the predictive ability.