A consensus framework map of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) suitable for linkage disequilibrium analysis and genome-wide association mapping

Table 7 Association results for heading date in the elite Durum Panel at the two major photoperiod-response homeologous Ppd-1 loci

	Causative locus: Ppd-A1						Causative locus: Ppd-B1
	Single envs.				Adj. means across environments		Single envs.				Adj. means across environments
Macro-environmental area	P 1E-4	P 0.001	P 0.01	P 0.05	P-value	R ²	P 1E-4	P 0.001	P 0.01	P 0.05	P-value	R ²
	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)		(%)	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)		(%)
Southern Europe (10 envs.)
Across envs.					3.76E-08	18.76					8.68E-04	6.46
Single env. (range)	4	2	1	3	6.02E-12	(3.74 - 31.05)	1	2	1	5	1.56E-06	(4.64 - 12.71)
North Africa – Tunisia (2 envs.)
Across envs.					2.65E-04	8.58					0.016	3.60
Single env. (range)	0	2	0	0	1.95E-05	(6.78 - 8.91)	0	0	1	1	0.010	(1.80 - 4.75)
West Asia (8 envs.) (8 envs.)
Across envs.					4.76E-08	17.90					0.003	4.98
Single env. (range)	5	3	0	0	2.40E-06	(7.99 - 14.42)	0	0	6	1	0.001	(4.10 - 6.61)
North Africa – Morocco (2 envs.)
Across envs.					1.16E-10	31.17					0.008	4.74
Single env. (range)	2	0	0	0	6.30E-10	(26.53 - 28.30)	0	0	1	1	0.009	(4.50 - 4.55)
Mexico (5 envs.)
Across envs.					4.60E-13	34.31					0.007	4.19
Single env. (range)	5	0	0	0	1.69E-14	(24.66 - 39.98)	0	0	2	0	0.001	(4.61 - 5.97)

Association analysis based on 183 accessions from the durum panel, evaluated for heading date across 27 environments grouped in five macro-environmental areas in the Mediterranean Basin and Mexico. The Ppd-A1 specific assay [40] and wpt-7320 DArT marker tightly associated to Ppd-B1 have been used. Significance of P ≤1.00E-4 refers to the experiment-wise significance threshold of P ≤ 0.05. Results are reported for single environments and for the adjusted means across macro-environmental areas.