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Table 1 Thematic associations in studies of fish stress. Computer-assisted analysis of 11129 Medline abstracts was performed as described in Methods. Terms that were over-represented in the abstracts (exact Fisher's test, P < 0.05) are ranked by the numbers of occurrence.

From: Gene expression in the brain and kidney of rainbow trout in response to handling stress

Category

Terms (counts/1000 abstracts)

Species

Salmonids (126.4), carp (68.9), eels (67.0), catfish (37.7), tilapia (38.7)

Stressors

Toxicity (440.6), temperature (178.3), oxygen (91.5), confinement (52.8), salinity (46.2), hypoxia (54.7), diseases (20.8), crowding (23.6), acidosis (17.9), aggressiveness (11.3)

Messengers

Cortisol (208.5), catecholamines (159.4), steroids (92.5)

Tissues

Muscle (197.2), blood cells (152.9), pituitary (119.8), liver (123.6), epithelia (96.2), brain (90.6), kidney (89.6), heart (51.9), skin (42.5)

Cellular structures

Cytosol (42.5), collagen (17.0), cytoskeleton (15.1), microsome (15.1), microtubule (14.2), lysosomes (13.2), peroxisome (4.7)

Oxidative stress

Glutathion (167.9), oxidant (93.4), antioxidant (90.6), peroxide (66.0), radical (55.7), superoxide (40.6), catalase (35.8), redox (18.9)

Other processes

Immunity (91.5), secretion (80.2), metabolism (74), transport (56.6), defense (52.8), necrosis (28.3), apoptosis (18.9), phosphorylation (15.1), proteolysis (7.5)

Metabolites

Ion (987.7), iron (215.1), glucose (141.5), lactate (67.9), lipid (74.5), zinc (51.9), phospholipid (11.3), triglyceride (11.3), lipopolysaccharide (9.4)

Proteins

Enzymes (180.2), heat-shock proteins (84.0), hemoglobin (37.7), metallothionein (37.7), transferase (32.1), phosphatase (26.4), chaperones (21.7), glutathion-S-transferase (17.0), transaminase (17.0), Na/K-ATPase (17.0), aminotransferase (8.5), mitogen-activated kinases (4.7)