Table 1 Phenotypic variation of root traits significant at P value < 0.0001, based on analysis of variance

Tap root length (cm)

21.5

17.2

24.3 ± 0.42

12.7

36.8

Root fresh weight (g)

2.0

0.4

0.9 ± 0.03

0.2

2.3

Total root length (cm)

425.0

238.0

430.9 ± 11.4

123.4

805.1

Surface area (cm²)

73.2

29.1

53.2 ± 1.2

16.3

92.3

Average diameter (mm)

0.6

0.4

0.4 ± 0.01

0.3

0.6

Root volume (cm³)

1.0

0.2

0.54 ± 0.01

0.2

1.3

Lateral average diameter (mm)

0.6

0.4

0.5 ± 0.01

0.3

0.7

Tertiary root number

865

439

635.5 ± 22.1

116.0

1650.0

Tertiary root length (cm)

317

191

259.6 ± 8.8

33.5

727.7

Root distribution based on length in diameter (1.0-1.5 mm)

24.0

2.9

9.8 ± 0.4

1.7

28.2

Root distribution based on surface area in diameter (1.0-1.5 mm)

9.2

1.4

3.6 ± 0.2

0.6

10.1

Root distribution based on volume in diameter (1.0-1.5 mm)

0.3

0.04

0.1 ± 0.0

0.0

0.3

Root distribution based on thickness in diameter classification 2 (0.5-1.0 mm)

11.0

0.3

10.8 ± 0.8

0.3

46.5