Figure 3

Effects of antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors (MK-801 and NBQX) on the inducibility of male offspring by mothers. Upper and lower panels show the effect of these antagonists on D. pulex reared under the (A) long-day and (B) short-day conditions, respectively. Vertical values indicate the proportion of male-producing mothers (n = 15). Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. The asterisks indicate significant differences compared to respective controls (Fisher’s exact probability test with Holm’s correction, p < 0.01). Concentrations of MF and antagonists used are as follows: MF (0.8 μM), MK-801 (20 μM), and NBQX (100 and 200 μM). MK-801: (+)-MK-801 hydrogen maleate, NBQX: 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium salt hydrate.