Figure 4

Effects of agonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA and Kainate) on the inducibility of male offspring by mothers. Upper and lower panels show the effect of agonists on the D. pulex reared under the (A) long-day and (B) short-day conditions, respectively. Vertical values indicate the proportion of male-producing mothers (n = 15). Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to respective controls (Fisher’s exact probability test with Holm’s correction, p < 0.01). Concentrations of MF and agonists used are as follows: MF (0.8 μM), NMDA, AMPA and Kainate (100 μM, respectively). AMPA: (±)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, Kainate: kainic acid n-hydrate, NMDA: N-methyl-D-asparatic acid.