Table 1 Fungal species that cause trunk diseases of grapevine and the symptoms associated with each disease

E. lata

Eutypa dieback

V-shaped wood cankers in spurs, cordons and/or trunk (Fig. 1a). Stunted shoots with shortened internodes and small, chlorotic, cupped tattered leaves, showing marginal necrosis and dead interveinal tissue (Fig. 1b). Also, causes general canopy symptoms of shoot dieback and dead spurs.

Dip. seriata, N. parvum

Botryosphaeria dieback

V- or irregular-shaped wood cankers in canes, spurs, cordons and/or trunk (Fig. 1a). Also, causes general canopy symptoms of shoot dieback and dead spurs. Can kill buds on infected canes.

Dia. ampelina

Phomopsis dieback

V- or irregular-shaped wood cankers in canes, spurs, cordons and/or trunk (Fig. 1a). Also, causes general canopy symptoms of shoot dieback and dead spurs.

Can kill buds on infected canes.

Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is thought to be a separate disease, but is also caused by Dia. ampelina. The pathogen directly attacks all green tissues of the vine, causing necrotic lesions on the leaves, green stems, and fruit.

T. minima, P. chlamydospora, F. mediterranea, S. hirsutum

Esca disease complex

Black spots (aka “measles”) on berries (Fig. 1c).

Interveinal chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves (Fig. 1d). Dark spots that form in concentric rings (appears as dark lines in longitudinal section) in the wood (Fig. 1e).

White-rotted wood, due to secondary infection by basidiomycetes F. mediterranea and S. hirsutum, sometimes co-occurs in the trunks of vines also infected by the Esca pathogens T. minima and P. chlamydospora (Fig. 1f). However, these fungi are not responsible for fruit or leaf symptoms of Esca.