CkIα
|
casein kinase Iα
|
paralog of dbt
|
Fig. 4b
|
CkIIα
|
casein kinase IIα
|
promotes nuclear localization of PER-DBT-TIM via phosphorylation of TIM
|
[25–27]
|
Clk
|
Clock
|
transcription factor promoting transcription of per, tim, cry2, vri, PDP1, cwo
|
[25–27, 118]
|
Cul3
|
Cullin 3
|
ubiquitinates TIM leading to its degradation
|
[30]
|
cwo
|
clockwork orange
|
acts synergisticly with PER to inhibit CLK-mediated gene activation
|
[25, 119, 120]
|
cry
|
cryptochrome 1, cry1, dcry
|
photoreceptor; complexes with SGG & TIM to mediate light-input pathway into the clock
|
[25, 26]
|
cry2
|
cryptochrome 2, mcry
|
transcription regulator of Clk & cyc in insects other than Drosophila
|
[25, 27]
|
cyc
|
cycle
|
transcription factor promoting transcription of per, tim, cry2, Pdp1, vri
|
[25–27]
|
dbt
|
doubltime = dco, discs overgrown
|
major regulator of PER & CLK through phosphorylation
|
[25–27, 31]
|
jet
|
jetlag
|
promotes light-induced proteosomal degradation of TIM & CRY1
|
[27, 33, 121]
|
kayα
|
kayakα
|
Inhibits VRI suppression of Clk promoter; represses CLK activity
|
[127]
|
nmo
|
nemo
|
phosphorylates PER, enhances action of DBT; phosphorylates CLK
|
[25, 29, 31, 123]
|
Pdp1
|
PAR-domain protein 1
|
Likely in combination with VRI enhances Clk transcription and clk mRNA amplitude
|
[25–27, 118]
|
per
|
period
|
negative transcription regulator of Clk & cyc transcription after transport to nucleus as phosphorylated PER-TIM-DBT complex
|
[25, 27]
|
phr6-4
|
(6–4)-photolyase
|
paralog of cry1 & cry2
|
[17], Fig. 3
|
PP2A-B’
|
protein phosphatase 2A, regulatory B subunit
|
regulates phosphorylation of PER; counter-balances PER & TIM phosphorylation by DBT
|
[25–27, 31]
|
sgg
|
shaggy
|
phosphorylates TIM, in concert with CRY1 & light; regulates PER phosphorylation-dephosphorylation; promotes PER nuclear localization
|
[25–27, 31]
|
slimb
|
supernumerary limbs
|
phosphorylates PER & TIM, leading to their degradation
|
[25–27, 124]
|
tim
|
timeless
|
binds to & facilitates transport of heterodimeric PER into the nucleus; interacts with JET, SGG & CRY to regulate the input of light; increases CKIIα phosphorylation of PER
|
[25, 125]
|
tim2
|
timeout
|
paralog of TIM; necessary for laval survivorshiop; promotes chromosomal stability; enhancs photoreception.
|
[122, 126]
|
vri
|
vrille
|
transcription inhibitor of Clk
|
[25–27, 118]
|