Evolutionary divergence of core and post-translational circadian clock genes in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Tormey, Duncan; Colbourne, John K.; Mockaitis, Keithanne; Choi, Jeong-Hyeon; Lopez, Jacqueline; Burkhart, Joshua; Bradshaw, William; Holzapfel, Christina

doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1937-y

Table 2 Circadian clock gene acronyms, names, and function

From: Evolutionary divergence of core and post-translational circadian clock genes in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Abbreviation	Gene name	Clock function (See Fig. 1)	Reference
CkIα	casein kinase Iα	paralog of dbt	Fig. 4b
CkIIα	casein kinase IIα	promotes nuclear localization of PER-DBT-TIM via phosphorylation of TIM	[25–27]
Clk	Clock	transcription factor promoting transcription of per, tim, cry2, vri, PDP1, cwo	[25–27, 118]
Cul3	Cullin 3	ubiquitinates TIM leading to its degradation	[30]
cwo	clockwork orange	acts synergisticly with PER to inhibit CLK-mediated gene activation	[25, 119, 120]
cry	cryptochrome 1, cry1, dcry	photoreceptor; complexes with SGG & TIM to mediate light-input pathway into the clock	[25, 26]
cry2	cryptochrome 2, mcry	transcription regulator of Clk & cyc in insects other than Drosophila	[25, 27]
cyc	cycle	transcription factor promoting transcription of per, tim, cry2, Pdp1, vri	[25–27]
dbt	doubltime = dco, discs overgrown	major regulator of PER & CLK through phosphorylation	[25–27, 31]
jet	jetlag	promotes light-induced proteosomal degradation of TIM & CRY1	[27, 33, 121]
kayα	kayakα	Inhibits VRI suppression of Clk promoter; represses CLK activity	[127]
nmo	nemo	phosphorylates PER, enhances action of DBT; phosphorylates CLK	[25, 29, 31, 123]
Pdp1	PAR-domain protein 1	Likely in combination with VRI enhances Clk transcription and clk mRNA amplitude	[25–27, 118]
per	period	negative transcription regulator of Clk & cyc transcription after transport to nucleus as phosphorylated PER-TIM-DBT complex	[25, 27]
phr6-4	(6–4)-photolyase	paralog of cry1 & cry2	[17], Fig. 3
PP2A-B’	protein phosphatase 2A, regulatory B subunit	regulates phosphorylation of PER; counter-balances PER & TIM phosphorylation by DBT	[25–27, 31]
sgg	shaggy	phosphorylates TIM, in concert with CRY1 & light; regulates PER phosphorylation-dephosphorylation; promotes PER nuclear localization	[25–27, 31]
slimb	supernumerary limbs	phosphorylates PER & TIM, leading to their degradation	[25–27, 124]
tim	timeless	binds to & facilitates transport of heterodimeric PER into the nucleus; interacts with JET, SGG & CRY to regulate the input of light; increases CKIIα phosphorylation of PER	[25, 125]
tim2	timeout	paralog of TIM; necessary for laval survivorshiop; promotes chromosomal stability; enhancs photoreception.	[122, 126]
vri	vrille	transcription inhibitor of Clk	[25–27, 118]

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ISSN: 1471-2164

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