Genome-wide association study reveals novel loci for litter size and its variability in a Large White pig population

Table 2 Variance components (with SE) estimated in Large White sows for litter size (TNB) and residual variance of litter size (varTNB) using a Double Hierarchical GLM (DHGLM) and for mean litter size per sow (meanTNB) and log-transformed variance of the TNB per sow (log (var (TNB)) using conventional bivariate analysis

^aThe conventional analysis has no permanent sow effect, since there is only a single observation per sow
^bStandard errors obtained based on calculations from Mulder et al. [82]
^cHeritability estimated at the level of squared phenotype: h ²_v = σ ²_av /(2σ ⁴_P + 3(σ ²_av + σ ²_pev )) [70]
^dGenetic coefficient of variation at residual standard deviation level, i.e. the genetic standard deviation in residual standard deviation divided by the mean residual standard deviation of the trait: \( {\mathrm{GCV}}_{\mathrm{SDe}}=\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{av}}\left({\sigma}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)}{\overline{\sigma_{\mathrm{e}}}}\approx {\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}{\sigma}_{\mathrm{av}} \) [1]

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