Chemicals/field mixtures | Use/source | Putative MIE | References |
---|---|---|---|
1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) | Ingredient in consumer products | --- | --- |
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) | Industrial byproduct | aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonist | [48] |
2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) | Antiseptic agent, pesticide, industrial chemical | Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation | --- |
benz(a)anthracene (BAA) | Fossil fuels | DNA mutagen and Ah receptor agonist (PAH) | [49] |
perfluorinated chemicals (PFC) | Industrial chemical | --- | --- |
tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) | Ingredient in consumer products | --- | --- |
Phenanthrene (PHE) | Fossil fuels | DNA mutagen and Ah receptor agonist (PAH) | [49] |
Pyrene (PYR) | Fossil fuels | DNA mutagen and Ah receptor agonist (PAH) | [49] |
decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE) | Flame retardant | --- | |
dibenzothiophene (DBT) | Fossil fuels | DNA mutagen and Ah receptor agonist (PAH) | [49] |
17ß-estradiol (E2) | Endogenous estrogen | ER agonist | [18] |
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) | medicine | ER agonist | --- |
ethniyl estradiol (EE2) | medicine | ER agonist | [18] |
fadrozol (FAD) | medicine | CYP19 inhibitor | [18] |
fipronil (FIP) | insecticide | GABA receptor antagonist | [18] |
flutamide (FLU) | medicine | Androgen receptor antagonist | [18] |
genistein (GEN) | phytoestrogen | ER and PPAR agonist | [50] |
ketochonazole (KET) | medicine | CYP11A/CYP17 inhibitor | [18] |
trenbolone (TRB) | Beef production | AR agonist | [18] |
trilostane (TRI) | Veterinary medicine | 3βHSD inhibitor | [18] |
vinclozolin (VIN) | fungicide | AR antagonist (fungicide) | [18] |
prochloraz (PRO) | fungicide | CYP17/19 inhibitor | [18] |
muscimol (MUS) | research | GABA receptor agonist | [18] |
bisphenol A (BPA) | Industrial chemical | ER agonist | [51] |
Progesterone (PGST) | Endogenous hormone, medicine | PR agonist | [52] |
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Endogenous hormone | AR agonist | [53] |
Haloperidol (HAL) | medicine | Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist | [54] |
Diazepam (DIA) | medicine | GABA-A receptor modulator | [55] |
bifenthrin (BIF) | insecticide | voltage-gated sodium channels disruption | [56] |
cypermethrin (CYP) | insecticide | voltage-gated sodium channels disruption | [56] |
esfenvalerate (ESF) | Insecticide | voltage-gated sodium channels disruption | [56] |
Linuron (LIN) | Herbicide | photosynthesis inhibitor | [57] |
Terbufos (TER) | Insecticide | acetylcholine esterase inhibitor | [58] |
methylparaben (MPA) | Anti-fungal agent | Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation | [59] |
permethrin (PER) | Insecticide | voltage-gated sodium channels disruption | [56] |
Propanil (PPL) | Herbicide | photosynthesis inhibitor | [60] |
azinphos-methyl (APM) | Insecticide | acetylcholine esterase inhibitor | [61] |
Propranolol (PPLL) | Medicine | β-adrenergic receptor antagonist | [62] |
protein kinase C inhibitor 412 (PKC412) | Pharmaceutical compound | tyrosine kinase inhibitor | [63] |
Triclocarban (TCC) | Anti-bacterial agent | --- | --- |
Gemfibrozil (GEM) | Medicine | PPAR binding and activation | [64] |
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) | Explosive | Neuro-toxin? | --- |
TNT | Explosive | --- | --- |
Water samples near WWTPs | |||
Effluent; WWTP, San Diego, California (EFFLa, EFFHa) | Positive for GEM, DIA, E2, PGST | --- | [29] |
Effluent; WWTP, Los Angeles, California (EFFHb) | Positive for GEM, PGST | --- | [29] |
Effluent; WWTP, Duluth Minnesota (WLSSD) | Positive for various estrogens, BPA | --- | Unpublished observations (Jenna Cavallin US EPA) |
Upstream, effluent, downstream, WWTP, Ely Minnesota (ElyUS, ElyEFF, ElyDS) | At least one site positive for various estrogens, BPA, TCC, PAHs, chlorpyrifos | --- | [30] |
Upstream, effluent, downstream, WWTP, Hutchinson Minnesota (HutUS, HutEFF, HutDS) | At least one site positive for various estrogens, DES, BPA, TCC, PAHs, chlorpyrifos | --- | [30] |
Upstream, effluent, downstream, WWTP, Rochester Minnesota (RochUS, RochEFF, RochDS) | At least one site positive for various estrogens, BPA, TCC, | --- | [30] |
storm, stream, waste water; WWTP, Gainesville, Florida (stormH2O, strH2O, wasteH2O) | wasteH2O seasonally positive for BPA, DIA, PFCs | --- | [65] |