Fig. 9

Reconstruction of turnover rate of three motifs from the present study. a G-box motif; b Spe2 motif; c NFkB-like motif. For each occurrence of a motif upstream of a gene in T. parva (Tp), T. annulata (Ta), T. orientalis (To) and T. equi (Te), we determined its distribution upstream of the ortologs in the other species, and infer the most parsimonious scenario for the number of acquisitions and losses of the motif in the branches leading to To, Ta and Tp. For example, a motif present upstream of the same ortholgous gene in To, Ta and Tp but absent in Te, is inferred to have arisen in the lineage leading to all the first three species, and hence be present at the node reflecting their most recent common ancestor. Motifs present in Te and one of the other species could have been lost twice, or lost once and regained, and so are deamed “undetermined”