Fig. 1

Gross morphology of arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (AMC). a and b Severe generalized contracture of joints of the spine and limbs in two calves. a The spine shows an almost 180° scoliosis, so that the head approached the caudal part of the calf. Case 2, body weight: 15.0 kg. b The neck is short due to cervical scoliosis and torticollis. The distal part of the front limbs were teared of during assisted vaginal delivery, Case 3, body weight: 11.0 kg. Bar = 10 cm