Fig. 9

Proposed model of the early plant response to PHN exposure. a Kinetic representation of the early plant response to PHN. Following sensing and signaling of PHN within the first 30 min (phase 1), Arabidopsis induces the expression of genes involved in the detoxification and reaction response to PHN, from 2 to 24 h (phase 2). After 8 h of incubation, the regulation of the expression of numerous genes involved in primary and secondary metabolisms, as well as specific primary metabolite accumulation suggest functional declines (phase 3). b Identification of the genes assumed to be involved in sensing, signaling and the xenome according to the model described in [24]. Numbers indicate the number of genes belonging to each family, and that were differentially expressed in our study, compared with the total number of genes classified in each family. *: gene members of each family were retrieved from the TAIR website (http://www.arabidopsis.org/browse/genefamily/). Genes indicated in bold in each family correspond to differentially expressed genes selected after ANOVA analysis