Table 3 Biological functions of the 10 most up- and down-regulated genes

PLIN1

• Is a member of the PLIN family, which has a specific role in regulating lipolysis

• Expresses only in adipose tissue, not in skeletal muscle in mammals [18]

• Limits the activity of the rate-limiting lipase, adipose triglyceride (ATGL) in a basal state [67]

• Induces hormone-sensitive lipases recruitment by its phosphorylation [68]

LMOD2

• Is a member of tropomodulin family which is an actin filament elongation protein

• Is restricted to skeletal and cardiac muscle [69]

• Functions to maintain thin filament lengths in the mature heart [70]

CA3

• Is a class of metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO₂

• Expresses at high levels in skeletal muscle and much lower levels in cardiac and smooth muscle [71]

• Functions to generate both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions for maintenance of pH homeostasis

MUSTN1

• Expresses predominantly in the skeletal muscles and tendons in chicken and mammals [72]

• Knock-down leads to the inhibition of myogenic fusion and differentiation [73]

• Plays a role in muscle development

TNNT2

• Is a tropomyosin binding subunit of the troponin complex, which is located on the thin filament of striated muscles

• Regulates muscle contraction in response to alterations in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration [74]

HSPB7

• Is widely expressed throughout the body [75]

• Prevent polyQ-induced toxicity in mammalian cells by suppressing aggregation and does not induce autophagy [76]

NOXO1

• Regulates NOX1 positively [77]

• Functions in superoxide production [78]

PLN

• Is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cardiac muscle

• Regulates sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake which is mediated Ca²⁺-ATPase by phosphorylation

• Functions in muscle contraction/relaxation mainly in cardiac muscle [79]

PCSK1

• Is a member of serine endopeptidase family

• Cleaves amino acid residues and modulates precursor proteins

• Involves in glucose and lipid metabolism [20, 21]

MYBPC1

• Is a member of the myosin-binding protein C family

• Functions as a major myosin thick filament regulatory proteins [80]

• Plays an important role in muscle contraction by recruiting muscle-type creatine kinase to myosin filaments [81]

IL23R

• Associates constitutively with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and also binds to transcription activator STAT3 in a ligand-dependent manner [82]

GPM6A

• Plays a role as a modulator for neurite outgrowth and spine formation [83]

• Functions as a nerve growth factor-gated Ca²⁺ channel in neuronal differentiation [84]

KL

• Is a type-I membrane protein that is related to beta-glucosidases

• Is an important FGF23 signaling cofactor [85]

• Results in chronic renal failure by reduced production [86]

AGMAT

• Converts agmatine to putrescine in the pathway of arginine-agmatine-polyamine pathway

• Functions in embryonic survival, growth, and development [87]

DKK2

• Antagonize Wnt signaling by binding to LRP5/6 and a single-transmembrane protein called Kreme [88]

• Has a role in osteoblast differentiation into mineralized matrices [89]

GABRD

• Is a ligand-gated chloride channel

• Functions in neurosteroid modulation [90]

FGB

• Is a blood-borne secreting glycoprotein

• Has roles in cell adhesion and spreading,

• Functions as mitogen [91]

PPDPF

• Is also known as exocrine differentiation and proliferation factor (EXDPF)

• Expresses highly in the exocrine cell progenitors and differentiated cells of the developing pancreas in zebrafish [92]

ACE

• Involves in catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin I into a physiologically active peptide angiotensin II.

• Plays a key role in the renin-angiotensin system

• Expresses in skeletal muscle and is potent to generate skeletal muscle atrophy with angiotensin II and AT-1 receptor (AGTR1) functions [23]

CD9

• Is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family

• Is a cell surface glycoprotein

• Functions in differentiation, adhesion, and signal transduction [93]