Fig. 1

Pheromone-biosynthetic pathways. MPB pheromone biosynthetic pathways. a (–)-trans-Verbenol is produced by a single P450-mediated hydroxylation of (–)-α-pinene. b Frontalin biosynthesis occurs through the mevalonate pathway to geranylgeranyl diphosphate followed by multiple steps likely catalyzed by P450s, a dioxygenase, and a cyclase. c exo-Brevicomin production from long chain fatty acid precursors in the fat body of unfed males involves steps catalyzed by P450s, a short chain dehydrogenase, and a cyclase. Previously identified/characterized enzymes are in blue font. Chemical structures were generated using PubChem Sketcher V2.4, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/edit2/index.html