Fig. 3

Insecticide bioassays on Maf-S silenced adults. An. gambiae sl female mosquitoes were injected with Maf-S or GFP dsRNA, and then exposed to insecticides using the WHO tube assay. Exposure times were 60 min to papers coated with 4% DDT, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin or 0.1% bendiocarb; and 5-min to 5% malathion papers. Significance is represented by: * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 and *** p ≤ 0.001 displayed above each bar, as calculated by ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test. Error bars represent standard error. Number of mosquitoes per test for each insecticide/condition are represented by numbers below the x-axis. Each WHO test had 20–25 female mosquitoes per tube