Fig. 4
Phylogenetic comparisons of differentially-expressed transcripts. (a and b) Volcano plots of female- and male-specific genes. Each point represents a P. berghei gene from our analysis. The y-axis indicates confidence in log odds (B), and the x-axis shows magnitude of difference as log2 (fold change ♀/♂), from most male-specific (♂) to most female-specific (♀). Diamond symbols within boxplots indicate the mean. All plots marked *** have p value < 0.001 a P. berghei genes with syntenic orthologues from P. falciparum are plotted in cyan; genes lacking syntenic orthologues are shown in pink. Inset boxplots show genes with syntenic orthologues are more likely to have been identified as differentially expressed between genders, based on log odds. Boxplots below the volcano plot demonstrate that genes with syntenic orthologues are more likely to have a lower magnitude of change in male-specific genes, with no difference in female-specific genes. b Genes concordant in both species, i.e. male-specific (MM) or female-specific (FF) in both, are marked in orange. Genes that are discordant, i.e. male-specific in P. berghei and female-specific in P. falciparum (MF) or the opposite (FM), are shown in purple. Inset boxplots show concordant genes are more likely to have been identified in our differential expression screen (higher log odds), and discordant gene are less likely. Boxplots below the volcano plot show that concordant genes have larger magnitude of differential expression, and discordant genes have a lower magnitude. c Phylogeny showing conservation of orthologous groups in different organisms. The central panel depicts the number of conserved general sex orthologous groups divided by total orthologous groups for each species. The right panel partitions these sex-related groups into shared sex genes (in both male and female gametocytes), male-specific genes, and female-specific genes. These are normalised for the total number of general-sex orthologous groups. N.B. these need not total 1.00, because a few orthologous groups contain genes from multiple sets. The vertical dashed lines reference the P. berghei data on the first row of the phylogeny, and are collinear with the category boundaries for this organism