Fig. 4

Phylogenetic, genetic distance, and recombination analysis of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). a Maximum likelihood tree of BHV-1 genomic sequences generated using RAxML, with BHV-5 as an outgroup. Bootstrap values over 65% are shown. Phylogenetic network (b) was produced using Splitstree (kimura 2-parameter, gamma = 0.31376, and p-inverse = 0.45656). The genetic distance (Mega 6) between the two main BHV-1 clades (BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2) was 1.12%. Viral strains are colored according to country of origin (green: Australia, orange: India, and light blue: USA). Recombination bootscan analysis (RDP4) of strain B589 scanned against the remaining BHV-1 strains is shown in panel c