Fig. 5

Potentially differentially expressed metabolites extracted by the S-plot between the lactation and non-lactation groups. a S-Plot, 4 metabolites are highlighted. These are shown in b-e. b Log normalized relative concentration of the 2 groups for lactobionic acid; c Log normalized relative concentration of the 2 groups for citric acid; d Log normalized relative concentration of the 2 groups for orotic acid; e Log normalized relative concentration of the 2 groups for oxamide; L: lactation group, NL: non-lactation group. The x-axis, p(cov), in figure a is a visualization of the contribution (covariance) to the module variables, and the y-axis, p(corr), in figure a is a visualization of the reliability (correlation) of the module. The preferred selection of the potential biomarkers is high covariance combined with high correlation. The red bar represents the lactation group, and the green bar represents the non-lactation group