Fig. 4

Average estimates of inbreeding per year in North American Holstein cattle. Inbreeding based on pedigree (PED), inbreeding derived from runs of homozygosity (ROH), inbreeding estimated from the genomic relationship matrix using an allele frequency of 0.5 (GRM_ Fixed). ROH was estimated using SNP1101 with minimum window size = 20SNP, genotype error = 0.001. Gray dashed line represent the start of genomic selection