Fig. 2

Phylogenetic and comparative genomics analysis of M. cingulum genome. a The phylogenetic tree was constructed from 532 single-copy genes with 47,606 reliable sites by RAxML maximum likelihood methods. Bars are subdivided to represent different types of orthologs’ relationships. 1:1:1 indicates universal single-copy genes, absence and/or duplication in a single genome was allowed. N: N: N indicates other universal genes, absence in a single genome or two genomes within the different orders was allowed. Diptera indicates dipteran-specific genes. Lepidoptera indicates lepidopteran-specific genes. Hymenoptera indicates hymenopteran-specific. Others indicates all other orthologs. SD, species-specific duplicated genes. ND, species-specific genes. b The Venn diagram indicates the numbers of orthologous genes shared among the four hymenopterans, M. cingulum, C. floridanum, A. mellifera and N. vitripennis. All four hymenoptera insects share 4082 common homologous genes. The data shows the completeness of the gene repertoire encoded in the wasp M. cingulum genome. c The distribution of pairwise amino acid identity between six hymenoptera insects. Histogram shows M. cingulum shares higher amino acid identity with A. melifera than with other hymenopterans. There were 6796 orthologs between A. melifera and S. invicta, 4452 orthologs between C. floridanum and C. solmsi, 5137 orthologs between C. floridanum and N. vitripennis, 6403 orthologs between M. cingulum and A. melifera, 4196 orthologs between M. cingulum and C. floridanum, 4872 orthologs between M. cingulum and C. solmsi, 5808 orthologs between M. cingulum and N. vitripennis, 5616 orthologs between M. cingulum and S. invicta, 5790 orthologs between N. vitripennis and C. solmsi. d Microsynteny between three wasps by tracking gene positions through multiple species. The M. cingulum and A. mellifera shared 7284 orthologous, but only 1950 genes constituted 351 synteny blocks. The M. cingulum and N. vitripennis shared 6809 orthologous genes, but only 1877 genes constituted 346 synteny blocks, suggesting the frequent chromosome rearrangement among the wasp species