Fig. 1

Comparative transcriptomics analysis of different human liver model systems. Transcriptomics was carried out on human liver biopsies (GSE48452) [55], hepatocyte humanized livers, primary human hepatocytes (GSE76148) [24], and human precision-cut liver slices (GSE17251) [21]. a Scatter plot analysis of normalized expression values comparing the whole genome expression profile of the human liver biopsies (x-axis) with the whole genome expression profile of the hepatocyte humanized livers (left panel), human precision-cut liver slices (middle panel), and human primary hepatocytes (right panel) (all y-axis). b Genes that were expressed at much higher levels in human liver biopsies than in hepatocyte humanized livers (Δ²log[normalized mean expression value] > 3) were imported into the Enrichr tool (http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/index.html) [31, 32]. The 10 pathways with the highest combined score are shown. c Principle component analysis was performed to compare the transcriptome of human liver of different types of subjects (normal, healthy obese, steatosis, and NASH) with hepatocyte humanized mouse liver and other liver models, including human primary hepatocytes and human liver slices