Fig. 1

Geographic distribution of apiaries (N = 69) from which honey bees were collected in the Republic of South Africa. Adjacent apiaries are clustered into single geographical regions (N = 28) and assigned an abbreviation corresponding to the nearest town (corresponds to Table 1). The pie charts represent the composition of the three genetic clusters from each geographical region (shown as orange, blue, and dark blue). The colors indicate the different proportion of allele frequencies assigned to each region