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Table 1 Expression profile of genes from the enriched pathways over time (fold untreated ± S.D., n = 5)

From: Identification of early biological changes in palmitate-treated isolated human islets

Pathway name

Gene symbol

Gene name

4 h

12 h

1d

2d

7d

Mineral absorption

MT1F

metallothionein 1F

2.18 ± 0.56*

1.27 ± 0.32

1.36 ± 0.42

1.4 ± 0.33

1.41 ± 0.58

MT2A

metallothionein 2A

2.19 ± 0.37*

1.08 ± 0.31

1.23 ± 0.42

1.32 ± 0.48

1.25 ± 0.49

MT1L

metallothionein 1 L (gene/pseudogene)

2.2 ± 0.45*

1.21 ± 0.29

1.26 ± 0.23

1.25 ± 0.29

1.17 ± 0.26

MT1A

metallothionein 1A

2.34 ± 0.52*

1.11 ± 0.27

1.21 ± 0.2

1.23 ± 0.33

1.2 ± 0.38

MT1E

metallothionein 1E

2.58 ± 0.65*

1.19 ± 0.22

1.22 ± 0.21

1.34 ± 0.34

1.3 ± 0.27

MT1M

metallothionein 1 M

2.76 ± 0.63*

1.19 ± 0.29

1.25 ± 0.19

1.24 ± 0.27

1.18 ± 0.31

MT1B

metallothionein 1B

1.9 ± 0.22*

1.08 ± 0.17

1.11 ± 0.11

1.16 ± 0.2

1.11 ± 0.19

MT1X

metallothionein 1X

3.49 ± 1.76*

1.24 ± 0.43

1.33 ± 0.4

1.35 ± 0.42

1.28 ± 0.49

MT1H

metallothionein 1H

2.89 ± 1.3*

1.27 ± 0.34

1.32 ± 0.37

1.3 ± 0.31

1.14 ± 0.44

MT1G

metallothionein 1G

3.28 ± 1.44*

1.43 ± 0.4

1.48 ± 0.53

1.35 ± 0.4

1.12 ± 0.41

SLC30A1

solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter). member 1

1.98 ± 0.44*

1.26 ± 0.21

1.11 ± 0.12

1.24 ± 0.29

1.24 ± 0.25

Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

IARS

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase

1.15 ± 0.18

1.58 ± 0.28*

1.25 ± 0.29

1.14 ± 0.17

1.22 ± 0.17

AARS

alanyl-tRNA synthetase

1.1 ± 0.13

1.41 ± 0.21*

1.19 ± 0.23

1.04 ± 0.14

1.17 ± 0.11

YARS

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase

1.24 ± 0.15

1.49 ± 0.32*

1.28 ± 0.24

1.15 ± 0.11

1.21 ± 0.13

MARS

methionyl-tRNA synthetase

1.17 ± 0.17

1.62 ± 0.33*

1.25 ± 0.24

1.12 ± 0.14

1.19 ± 0.16

EPRS

glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase

1.09 ± 0.13

1.37 ± 0.12*

1.12 ± 0.2

1.09 ± 0.19

1.16 ± 0.11

GARS

glycyl-tRNA synthetase

1.3 ± 0.18*

1.56 ± 0.37*

1.38 ± 0.22*

1.22 ± 0.17

1.3 ± 0.16

PPAR signaling

CPT1A

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

1.25 ± 0.1*

1.4 ± 0.09*

1.32 ± 0.18*

1.21 ± 0.08

1.2 ± 0.12

SCD

stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase)

1.03 ± 0.09

1.46 ± 0.16*

1.56 ± 0.22*

1.6 ± 0.21*

2 ± 0.33*

ACSL1

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

1.3 ± 0.1*

1.47 ± 0.16*

1.51 ± 0.15*

1.44 ± 0.11*

1.2 ± 0.19

ANGPTL4

angiopoietin-like 4

1.4 ± 0.19*

1.42 ± 0.19*

1.47 ± 0.33*

1.53 ± 0.31*

1.37 ± 0.26

ME1

malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic

1.15 ± 0.13

1.52 ± 0.25*

1.47 ± 0.31*

1.26 ± 0.27

1.52 ± 0.32*

SLC27A2

solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 2

1.25 ± 0.14

1.36 ± 0.21*

1.27 ± 0.2

1.23 ± 0.16

1.61 ± 0.4*

GK

glycerol kinase

1.04 ± 0.09

1.28 ± 0.13*

1.34 ± 0.24*

0.98 ± 0.09

0.95 ± 0.13

Adipocytokine signaling

CPT1A

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

1.25 ± 0.1*

1.4 ± 0.09*

1.32 ± 0.18*

1.21 ± 0.08

1.2 ± 0.12

ACSL1

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

1.3 ± 0.1*

1.47 ± 0.16*

1.51 ± 0.15*

1.44 ± 0.11*

1.2 ± 0.19

NFKBIA

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha

1.06 ± 0.07

1.33 ± 0.03*

1.27 ± 0.05*

1.39 ± 0.22*

1.64 ± 0.5

IRS2

insulin receptor substrate 2

1.54 ± 0.24*

1.49 ± 0.25*

1.45 ± 0.26*

1.48 ± 0.2*

1.58 ± 0.32*

G6PC2

glucose-6-phosphatase, Catalytic, 2

1.27 ± 0.06*

1.32 ± 0.14*

1.22 ± 0.2

1.12 ± 0.13

1.27 ± 0.12

TNF signalling

CXCL1

chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha)

0.87 ± 0.11

1.39 ± 0.15*

1.58 ± 0.19*

1.77 ± 0.45*

1.43 ± 0.29

PTGS2

prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)

3.19 ± 1.24*

2.1 ± 0.36*

2.78 ± 0.8*

2.72 ± 0.26*

4.52 ± 1.7

LIF

leukemia inhibitory factor

1.05 ± 0.08

1.21 ± 0.12

1.3 ± 0.1*

1.4 ± 0.24*

1 ± 0.04

CXCL2

chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2

0.97 ± 0.11

1.3 ± 0.16

1.34 ± 0.18*

1.5 ± 0.34

1.48 ± 0.51

BIRC3

baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3

0.93 ± 0.1

1.18 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.19*

1.11 ± 0.33

0.82 ± 0.3

ICAM1

intercellular adhesion molecule 1

1. 03 ± 0.04

1.24 ± 0.16

1.43 ± 0.11*

1.64 ± 0.32*

1.7 ± 0.7

CX3CL1

chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1

1.13 ± 0.12

1.23 ± 0.18

1.38 ± 0.23*

1.59 ± 0.68

1.33 ± 0.67

CCL20

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20

0.76 ± 0.3

1.57 ± 0.63

2.5 ± 0.9*

1.61 ± 0.32*

1.28 ± 0.4

Metabolism of xenobiotics by P450

CYP2C9

cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9

0.87 ± 0.05

0.86 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.06

0.73 ± 0.11*

0.62 ± 0.12*

CYP1A1

cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1

1.23 ± 0.43

1 ± 0.34

0.7 ± 0.13*

0.6 ± 0.24*

0.35 ± 0.09*

CYP1B1

cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1

1.14 ± 0.22

1.13 ± 0.23

0.87 ± 0.16

0.89 ± 0.22

0.64 ± 0.17*

UGT2B7

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B7

0.91 ± 0.15

0.86 ± 0.11

0.79 ± 0.06

0.77 ± 0.1*

0.64 ± 0.06*

UGT2A3

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A3

0.95 ± 0.2

0.96 ± 0.22

0.71 ± 0.18*

0.59 ± 0.13*

0.29 ± 0.06*

GSTA1

glutathione S-transferase alpha 1

1.1 ± 0.2

1.11 ± 0.23

0.98 ± 0.2

0.73 ± 0.16*

0.45 ± 0.08*

GSTA2

glutathione S-transferase alpha 2

1.1 ± 0.24

1.16 ± 0.31

0.97 ± 0.23

0.68 ± 0.2*

0.36 ± 0.06*

UGT2B15

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B15

0.89 ± 0.22

0.89 ± 0.27

0.53 ± 0.12*

0.37 ± 0.13*

0.16 ± 0.03*

UGT2B17

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B17

0.87 ± 0.23

0.88 ± 0.25

0.58 ± 0.11*

0.43 ± 0.15*

0.23 ± 0.06*

UGT2B10

UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B10

0.97 ± 0.07

0.98 ± 0.11

0.96 ± 0.1

0.94 ± 0.09

0.77 ± 0.09*

ADH1B

alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.1

0.82 ± 0.1

0.74 ± 0.11*

0.69 ± 0.13*

0.6 ± 0.11*

ADH1A

alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.07

0.87 ± 0.1

0.73 ± 0.15*

0.67 ± 0.16*

0.58 ± 0.17*

ADH1C

alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide

0.76 ± 0.13*

0.65 ± 0.17*

0.5 ± 0.18*

0.39 ± 0.14*

0.17 ± 0.08*

CYP3A4

cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4

0.83 ± 0.11

1 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.16*

0.57 ± 0.17*

0.55 ± 0.23*

CYP3A5

cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5

0.94 ± 0.14

0.97 ± 0.14

0.82 ± 0.1

0.68 ± 0.15*

0.36 ± 0.07*

AKR1C1

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1

1.05 ± 0.11

1.32 ± 0.13*

1.3 ± 0.22

0.95 ± 0.07

0.62 ± 0.08*

AKR1C2

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C2

1.1 ± 0.12

1.36 ± 0.16*

1.34 ± 0.23

0.95 ± 0.08

0.62 ± 0.1*

ALDH1A3

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3

0.96 ± 0.08

1.03 ± 0.11

0.92 ± 0.08

0.9 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.17*

Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis

ALDH3A2

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2

1 ± 0.14

1.1 ± 0.19

0.96 ± 0.16

0.84 ± 0.12

0.71 ± 0.11*

G6PC

glucose-6-phosphatase. Catalytic subunit

1.29 ± 0.33

0.9 ± 0.3

0.74 ± 0.17*

0.66 ± 0.16*

0.46 ± 0.12*

ADH1B

alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.1

0.82 ± 0.1

0.74 ± 0.11*

0.69 ± 0.13*

0.6 ± 0.11*

ADH1C

alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide

0.76 ± 0.13*

0.65 ± 0.17*

0.5 ± 0.18*

0.39 ± 0.14*

0.17 ± 0.08*

FBP1

fructose-1.6-bisphosphatase 1

0.97 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.1

0.94 ± 0.04

0.9 ± 0.06

0.74 ± 0.07*

ADH1A

alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.07

0.87 ± 0.1

0.73 ± 0.15*

0.67 ± 0.16*

0.58 ± 0.17*

ALDOB

aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate

0.86 ± 0.19

0.79 ± 0.2

0.67 ± 0.14*

0.37 ± 0.18*

0.14 ± 0.06

ALDH1A3

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3

0.96 ± 0.08

1.03 ± 0.11

0.92 ± 0.08

0.9 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.17*

Fatty acid degradation

ALDH3A2

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2

1 ± 0.14

1.1 ± 0.19

0.96 ± 0.16

0.84 ± 0.12

0.71 ± 0.11*

ACSL1

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

1.3 ± 0.1*

1.47 ± 0.16*

1.51 ± 0.15*

1.44 ± 0.11*

1.2 ± 0.19

ACSL5

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5

1.04 ± 0.08

1.16 ± 0.06

1.19 ± 0.22

0.97 ± 0.15

0.76 ± 0.13*

ADH1C

alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide

0.76 ± 0.13*

0.65 ± 0.17*

0.5 ± 0.18*

0.39 ± 0.14*

0.17 ± 0.08*

ADH1B

alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.1

0.82 ± 0.1

0.74 ± 0.11*

0.69 ± 0.13*

0.6 ± 0.11*

ADH1A

alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide

0.86 ± 0.07

0.87 ± 0.1

0.73 ± 0.15*

0.67 ± 0.16*

0.58 ± 0.17*

  1. *Indicates DEGs. Bold indicates the exposure time when the pathway was enriched
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BMC Genomics

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