Table 4 Genes dysregulated after late RAR inhibition associated with transcriptional regulation. Genes shown in Fig. 4 along with their general function (adapted from genecards.org)
From: Transcriptome analysis of Xenopus orofacial tissues deficient in retinoic acid receptor function
Gene | Gene Name | General Protein Function |
|---|---|---|
Decreased | ||
 ALDH1A2 | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A2 | A member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, the active derivative of vitamin A. |
 ALX1 | ALX Homeobox 1 | Unknown in humans, in rodents it is necessary for survival of forebrain mesenchyme and possibly neural tube development. |
 ALX4 | ALX Homeobox 4 | Homeodomain transcription factor expressed during development of bones, limbs, hair, teeth, and mammary tissue. |
 BMP2 | Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 | Secreted ligand of the TGF-beta family that is important in bone and cartilage development. |
 CYP26A1 | Cytochrome P450 Family 26 Subfamily A Member 1 | Member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of retinoic acid to render it inactive. |
 EYA2 | EYA Transcriptional Coactivator And Phosphatase 2 | A member of the eyes absent (EYA) family of proteins that function as a transcriptional coactivator for SIX family proteins. |
 FOXC1 | Forkhead Box C1 | A member of the forkhead box family of transcription factors important for the regulation of embryonic and ocular development. |
 FOXD1 | Forkhead Box D1 | A member of the forkhead box family of proteins that are transcription factors, important for kidney, retina, and optic chiasm development. |
 FOXP4 | Forkhead Box P4 | A member of the forkhead box family of transcription factors that is a transcription repressor. |
 GATA2 | GATA Binding Protein 2 | Zinc-finger transcription factor that regulates genes involved in development and proliferation of hematopoietic and endocrine cell lineages. |
 HAS2 | Hyaluronan Synthase 2 | Enzyme involved in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid. |
 HMGA2 | High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 | A member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family that acts as a transcription regulator. |
 HOXA4 | Homeobox A4 | A member of the homeobox family of proteins that are transcription factors, important for gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. |
 PAH | Phenylalanine Hydroxylase | Enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of phenylalanine catabolism. |
 RARB | Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta | Ligand-dependent transcription regulator important for embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth, and differentiation. |
 RARG | Retinoic Acid Receptor Gamma | Ligand-dependent transcription regulator implicated in embryonic growth, limb bud development, and differentiation. |
 SFRP1 | Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 | Soluble modulator of Wnt signaling; important for cell growth and differentiation. |
 SIM2 | Single-Minded Family BHLH Transcription Factor 2 | Transcription factor that serves as a master regulator of neurogenesis, located within Down’s Syndrome Critical Region. |
 SIX2 | SIX Homeobox 2 | A member of the sine oculis family of proteins that are transcription factors involved in limb and eye development. |
 SSTR2 | Somatostatin Receptor 2 | Receptor that mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on hormones and secretory proteins. Also involved in neurodevelopment. |
 WNT1 | Wnt Family Member 1 | Soluble transcription regulator that binds to frizzled receptors and plays several roles in development. |
Increased | ||
 DLX2 | Distal-Less Homeobox 2 | Transcription factor expressed in the developing head and limbs; important for the terminal differentiation of neurons and craniofacial patterning. |
 LHX1 | LIM Homeobox 1 | Transcription factor important for development and differentiation of the neural crest, ectoderm, and urogenital system. |
 VSX1 | Visual System Homeobox 1 | Transcription factor that regulates opsin gene expression. |
UNCHANGED | ||
 CSNK2A2 | Casein Kinase 2 Alpha 2 | Protein kinase that phosphorylates acidic C-terminal residues to regulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis, transcription, and viral infection. |
 CTBP2 | C-terminal Binding Protein 2 | 2 alternative transcripts that act as transcriptional repressors and as a component of specialized synapses |
 EPO | Erythropoietin | A hormone synthesized in the kidney that regulates the synthesis of red blood cells in the bone marrow. |
 HOXA11 | Homeobox A11 | A member of the homeobox family of proteins that are transcription factors, important for gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. |
 HOXD11 | Homeobox D11 | A member of the homeobox family of proteins that are transcription factors; important for morphogenesis; limb and genital morphogenesis in particular. |
 RARA | Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha | Ligand-dependent transcription regulator implicated in development, differentiation, apoptosis, and transcription of clock genes. |
 SRA1 | Steroid Receptor RNA Activator 1 | Transcriptional repressor that binds to non-coding RNAs and has roles in metabolism, adipogenesis, and chromatin organization. |