Fig. 1

The circular plots of 92 white oak tree samples based on the six dissimilarity measures: a) \( {d}_2^{\ast } \), b)\( {d}_2^s \) d₂, c) Euclidean, d) \( {d}_2^s \), e) CVTree and (f) Manhattan, using 100 Mbp of next generation sequencing data. Different sectors correspond to different continents, with NA in red, EU in orange, and AS in blue; GenBank accession numbers are identified in white font. Within each sector, samples are sorted by their longitude, so that samples that are geographically close are also close to each other in the figure. The most similar tree sample to each sample is linked. The k-mer length is 12 and the Markov order of the background sequence is 10 for \( {d}_2^{\ast } \), \( {d}_2^s, \) and CVTree. The most similar sample to each sample according to \( {d}_2^{\ast } \) and \( {d}_2^s \) are from the same continent-of-origin