Fig. 1

The phenotype of Arabidopsis seedlings grown on the ISS and on the ground. a A view of the APEX03–2 experiment growing inside Veggie on the ISS (left) and a view of plates installed in the ground Veggie unit to illustrate the configuration of plates installed vertically in racks. b Arabidopsis thaliana (WS) seedlings were grown under constant LED light conditions in the Vegetable Production System (VPS/Veggie) hardware on the Columbus Module of the ISS for 11 days. Corresponding ground control plants were grown in the Veggie hardware within the ISS Environmental Simulation (ISSES) chamber at Kennedy Space Center for 11 days. Each plate was considered a biological replicate and a total of 6 plates were used in this experiment. All three biological replicates for both spaceflight and ground control are represented. c The workflow of transcriptome and DNA methylome analysis. Plant materials harvested in RNAlater were dissected into root and leaf tissues. Total RNA & DNA were isolated separately, and the differential analyses were conducted in an organ-specific manner comparing the effects of spaceflight (FT) vs ground control (GC) in the roots and leaves