Table 2 Anthocyanin biosynthetic genes identified in B. oleracea by comparative genomic analysis with the Arabidopsis thaliana genome
| Â | B. oleracea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
A. thaliana | Synteny orthologs | Non-synteny orthologs | ||
| Â | LF | MF1 | MF2 | Â |
Structural genes | ||||
Biosynthetic genes in phenylpropanoid pathway | ||||
AtPAL1 (AT2G37040) | BoPAL1.1 (Bol025522) | BoPAL1.2 (Bol037689) | Â | Â |
AtPAL2 (AT3G53260) | BoPAL2.1 (Bol025102) | BoPAL2.2 (Bol041738) | BoPAL2.3 (Bol005411) | BoPAL2.4 (Bol005084) |
AtPAL3 (AT5G04230) | – | – | BoPAL3.1 (Bol005493) | BoPAL3.2 (Bol006745) |
AtPAL4 (AT3G10340) | BoPAL4 (Bol011375) | – | – | – |
AtC4H (AT2G30490) | – | BoC4H1 (Bol033347) | BoC4H3 (Bol004608) | BoC4H5 (Bol006704) |
BoC4H2 (Bol033349) | BoC4H4 (Bol004610) | |||
At4CL1 (AT1G51680) | – | – | Bo4CL1 (Bol031583) | – |
At4CL2 (AT3G21240) | – | – | – | Bo4CL2.1 (Bol038385) |
Bo4CL2.2 (Bol038386) | ||||
At4CL3 (AT1G65060) | Bo4CL3 (Bol012584) | – | – | – |
At4CL5 (AT3G21230) | – | – | – | Bo4CL5.1 (Bol000926) |
Bo4CL5.2 (Bol038387) | ||||
Bo4CL5.3 (Bol038389) | ||||
Bo4CL5.4 (Bol026622) | ||||
Bo4CL5.5 (Bol026623) | ||||
Early biosynthetic genes | ||||
AtCHS (AT5G13930) | BoCHS1 (Bol043396) | BoCHS2 (Bol034259) | BoCHS3 (Bol004244) | Â |
AtCHI (AT3G55120) | BoCHI1 (Bol044343) | BoCHI2 (Bol044344) | BoCHI3 (Bol008652) | BoCHI4 (Bol018696) |
AtF3H (AT3G51240) | BoF3H1 (Bol010585) | BoF3H2 (Bol030864) | BoF3H3 (Bol002277) | BoF3H4 (Bol044664) |
BoF3H5 (Bol041656) | ||||
AtF3’H (AT5G07990) | BoF3’H (Bol043829) |  |  |  |
AtFLS1 (AT5G08640) | BoFLS1.1 (Bol043773) | Â | Â | BoFLS1.2 (Bol004505) |
BoFLS1.3 (Bol019362) | ||||
AtFSL2 (AT5G63580) AtFLS3 (AT5G63590) | Â | Â | BoFLS2 (Bol019125) | Â |
AtFLS4 (AT5G63595) | ||||
AtFLS5 (AT5G63600) | ||||
AtFLS6 (AT5G43935) | ||||
Late biosynthetic genes | ||||
AtDFR (AT5G42800) | Â | Â | BoDFR1 (Bol035269) | BoDFR2 (Bol006005) |
AtANS (AT4G22880) | BoANS1 (Bol014986) | BoANS2 (Bol042059) | Â | Â |
AtUGT79B1 (AT5G54060) | BoUGT79B1.1 (Bol038805) | Â | Â | BoUGT79B1.2 (Bol014515) |
BoUGT79B1.3 (Bol014517) | ||||
BoUGT79B1.4 (Bol014519) | ||||
BoUGT79B1.5 (Bol018228) | ||||
AtUGT75C1 (AT4G14090) | Â | Â | BoUGT75C1 (Bol027055) | Â |
AtUGT78D2 (AT5G17050) | Â | Â | BoUGT78D2 (Bol021317) | Â |
Regulatory genes (Transcription factor) | ||||
Positive regulators | ||||
R2R3-MYB | ||||
Independent regulatory genes | ||||
AtMYB11 (AT3G62610) | ||||
AtMYB12 (AT2G47460) | BoMYB12.1 (Bol001533) | BoMYB12.2 (Bol002581) | BoMYB12.3 (Bol029626) | Â |
AtMYB111 (AT5G49330) | BoMYB111.1 (Bol016599) | BoMYB111.2 (Bol033054) | BoMYB111.3 (Bol032351) | Â |
Regulation by forming MBW complex | ||||
AtPAP1 (AT1G56650) | ||||
AtPAP2 (AT1G66390) | Bol042409 Bol012531 | |||
AtMYB113 (AT1G66370) | Bol012528 | Bol045347 | Â | |
AtMYB114 (AT1G66380) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
bHLH | ||||
AtTT8 (AT4G09820) | BoTT8 (Bol004077) | Â | Â | Â |
AtGL3 (AT5G41315) | BoGL3 (Bol014556) | Â | Â | Â |
AtEGL3 (AT1G63650) | Â | BoEGL3.1 (Bol022614) | BoEGL3.2 (Bol029662) | BoEGL3.3 (Bol004759) |
WD40 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
AtTTG1 (AT5G24520) | BoTTG1 (Bol022420) | Â | Â | Â |
Negative regulators | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Single-Repeat R3 MYB | Â | Â | Â | Â |
AtMYBL2 (AT1G71030) | BoMYBL2.1 (Bol016164) | BoMYBL2.2 (Bol034966) | Â | Â |
AtCPC (AT2G46410) | BoCPC1 (Bol000928) | BoCPC2 (Bol021780) | BoCPC3 (Bol029590) | Â |
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN (LBD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
AtLBD37 (AT5G67420) | BoLBD37.1 (Bol014304) | BoLBD37.2 (Bol008082) | BoLBD37.3 (Bol005707) | Â |
AtLBD38 (AT3G49940) | BoLBD38.1 (Bol007980) | BoLBD38.2 (Bol021982) | BoLBD38.3 (Bol016975) | Â |
AtLBD39 (AT4G37540) | Â | Â | Â | BoLBD39 (Bol019060) |
Transport genes | ||||
AtTT19 (AT5G17220) | BoTT19.1 (Bol019821) | Â | BoTT19.2 (Bol021325) | Â |