Fig. 1

Corrected Mortality of PWN at different concentrations of β-pinene. B1, 4.29 mg/mL; B2, 17.16 mg/mL; B3, 25.74 mg/mL; B4, 42.9 mg/mL; B5, 128.7 mg/mL; B6, 214.5 mg/mL. For each treatment, the corrected mortality of PWNs exposed to β-pinene was corrected for the mortality of controls (CK, PWNs exposed to control using aqueous 0.5% Triton X-100 (m/m) solution). Data bars represent the mean of five independent replicates, and error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Different lowercase letters above bars indicate significant differences among the corrected mortality of PWNs exposed to β-pinene for 24 h (Tukey’s multiple comparison test, P<0.0.1), different capital letters above bars indicate significant differences among the corrected mortality of PWNs exposed to β-pinene for 48 h (Tukey’s multiple comparison test, P<0.01)