Fig. 3

Quantile-quantile plots of the association mapping results. The plots show the observed p-values (p) for association between a phenotypical trait and each tested marker, expressed as -log10 of p (y-axis) plotted against -log10 of the expected p-values (x-axis) under the null hypothesis of no association for the analyses. a is the plot for the trait corresponding to the evaluation of frost damages (FD) in controlled conditions experiment. b, c, d and e are the plots for the four traits corresponding to the evaluations of FD in the field experiment