Fig. 4

Expression patterns of candidate biomarkers in healthy and failed queens sampled from beekeepers. a GO term enrichment analysis. Grey triangles indicate the direction of expression driving the enrichment (failed relative to healthy). Only GO terms passing a 5% false discovery cut-off are shown (Benjamini-Hochberg method). MF stands for multifunctionality score (higher values are less multifunctional). Circle size is proportional to the number of proteins belonging to the GO term. b Protein expression patterns of failed queens (N = 60), imported queens from Hawaii (N = 9) and California (N = 9), and healthy queens (N = 45). Only significantly different proteins (5% FDR, Benjamini-Hochberg method) are shown. c The top two most significantly upregulated proteins from each experimental stress condition were chosen as the candidate biomarkers. Plots show their expression patterns in the experimental stress conditions and the healthy vs. failed queens