Skip to main content

Table 1 Concentrations and hazard quotients (HQ) for components of the pesticide cocktail

From: Candidate stress biomarkers for queen failure diagnostics

Pesticide

Mode of action

Group

Median detection (ppb)a

Target ppb

Contributing HQ

Coumaphos

Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor

Acaricide

943

314

53.00

tau-Fluvalinate

Sodium channel modulator

Acaricide

4310

1437

332.56

2,4-DMPFb

Octopamine receptor agonist

Acaricide (metabolite)

304

101

1.35

Chlorothalonil

Multisite activity

Fungicide

361

120

1.08

Chlorpyrifos

Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor

Insecticide

2.7

1

11.81

Fenpropathrin

Sodium channel modulator

Insecticide

16.8

6

112

Pendimethalin

Inhibition of microtubule assembly

Herbicide

5.3

2

0.02

Atrazine

Inhibition of photosynthesis

Herbicide

5.4

2

.01

Azoxystrobin

Cytochrome bc1 inhibitor

Fungicide

5.1

2

.01

  

Total HQ

511

  1. aMedian wax concentrations and LD50s as determined by Traynor et al. (2016) [18]
  2. b2,4-Dimethylphenyl formamide (Amitraz degradate)