Fig. 4

Phylogeny of B. bavariensis reconstructed based on the main chromosome. Phylogeny reconstructed with BEAST v1.8.0 [41]⁠ with the following parameters: coalescent model with exponential growth based on doubling time, lognormal-relaxed clock [42]⁠, GTR substitution model [43]⁠. A burn-in of 30% of the 100 Million steps chain was removed before selecting the best tree with TreeAnnotator v. 1.10.4 [41]⁠. The scale is in substitutions per site. Node posterior probabilities were above 0.99 for all nodes except in the European clade (very short branches and very low diversity). The gain (orange), loss (gray) and fusion (cyan) events were positioned following maximum parsimony principle. There are indicated on a branch if they concern several isolates and after the isolate name if they concern only one isolate. Isolate origin is indicated by a tick for isolation from a tick (I. persulcatus in Asia and species unknown for European isolate 61VB2) and a human for isolation from a human patient. The accession numbers for the sequences coming from public databases can be found in the Methods section. * This plasmid loss event concerns the branch leading to isolates Lubl25, PZwi, PTrob, PRab, PNeb, PBae I, PWin, PBae II, PHer I and PBar