Fig. 5

Comparative analyses of the full set of candidate effector genes of Pratylenchus penetrans suggest a large-scale effector birth for this species. Top panel corresponds to a schematic phylogeny of the phylum Nematoda based on 86 highly conserved CEGMA genes among plant-parasitic nematodes with different parasitism strategies and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Ce). Shaded squares in the lower panel indicate significant blast hits of each nematode species against the set of effectors identified for P. penetrans. The new candidate effectors identified in this study are represented in bold (n = 13) while the remaining 17 genes are represented within the set of 22 effectors found specifically for P. penetrans (marked with an asterisk). n, represents the putative number of gene births in each nematode speciation cluster. Pp: Pratylenchus penetrans; Pc: Pratylenchus coffeae; Pn: Pratylenchus neglectus; Pt: Pratylenchus thornei; Mi: Meloidogyne incognita; Mh: Meloidogyne hapla; Na: Nacobbus aberrans; Rs: Radopholus similis; Rr: Rotylenchulus reniformis; Hg: Heterodera glycines; Gr: Globodera rostochiensis; Gp: Globodera pallida; Dd: Ditylenchus destructor; Bx: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; Ce: Caenorhabditis elegans. RKN: root-knot nematodes; CN: cyst nematodes