Table 1 Antimicrobial resistance and resistance determinants for Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Denmark, 1928–2013
Antibiotic | Preantibiotic era (% S/I/R) | Golden era (% S/I/R) | Postmodern era (% S/I/R) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1920s (n = 3) | 1930s (n = 11) | 1940s (n = 41) | 1950s (n = 37) | 1960s (n = 27) | 1970s (n = 10) | 1980s (n = 15) | 1990s (n = 14) | 21st century (n = 33) | |
Penicillin G | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 91.9/8.1/− | 55.6/40.7/3.7 | 80.0/10.0/10.0 | 40.0/53.3/6.7 | 14.3/50.0/35.7 | 6.1/48.5/45.4 |
TMP-SMX | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 53.7/43.9/2.4 | 59.5/37.8/2.7 | 40.8/48.1/11.1 | 50.0/40.0/10.0 | 53.3/26.7/20.0 | 14.3/35.7/50.0 | 12.1/18.2/69.7 |
Chloramphenicol | 100.0/−/− | 90.9/−/9.1 | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 77.8/18.5/3.7 | 80.0/10.0/10.0 | 73.3/6.7/20.0 | 35.7/21.4/42.9 | 24.2/48.5/27.3 |
Tetracycline | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 81.5/14.8/3.7 | 80.0/10.0/10.0 | 66.7/13.3/20.0 | 14.3/21.4/64.3 | 15.2/24.2/60.6 |
Ciprofloxacin | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 85.7/−/14.3 | 30.3/−/69.7 |
Erythromycin | 100.0/NA/− | 90.9/NA/9.1 | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 92.6/NA/7.4 | 80.0/NA/20.0 | 73.3/NA/26.7 | 42.9/NA/57.1 | 42.4/NA/57.6 |
Azithromycin | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 90.9/NA/9.1 |
Cefuroxime | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 78.6/14.3/7.1 | 81.8/3.0/15.2 |
Cefotaxime | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 92.9/NA/7.1 | 84.8/NA/15.2 |
Cefixime | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 97.0/NA/3.0 |
Ceftriaxone | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− |
Spectinomycin | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− | 100.0/NA/− |
Gentamicin | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− |
Kanamycin | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 93.3/6.7/− | 92.9/7.1/− | 100.0/−/− |
Lower/medium/upper range (%) | |||||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 63.4/26.8/9.8 | 83.8/8.1/8.1 | 74.1/18.5/7.4 | 80.0/10.0/10.0 | 66.7/13.3/20.0 | 14.3/21.4/64.3 | 12.1/30.3/57.6 |
Ampicillin | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 93.3/−/6.7 | 92.9/−/7.1 | 66.7/27.3/6.0 |
Rifampin | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 78.6/−/21.4 | 51.5/−/48.5 |
Ertapenem | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− | 100.0/−/− |
Absence/presence of resistance mutations (affected drug or effect) (%) | |||||||||
penA D345a (penicillin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 91.9/8.1 | 51.9/48.1 | 80.0/20.0 | 33.3/66.6 | 14.3/85.7 | 18.2/81.8 |
penA mosaic (penicillin, ESCs) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 84.8/15.2 |
penB (decreased influx) | 66.6/33.3 | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 96.3/3.7 | 90.0/10.0 | 80.0/20.0 | 57.1/42.9 | 42.4/57.6 |
mtrR (increased efflux) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 59.3/40.7 | 80.0/20.0 | 73.3/26.7 | 35.7/64.3 | 60.6/39.4 |
gyrA (ciprofloxacin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 95.1/4.9 | 97.3/2.7 | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 85.7/14.3 | 33.3/66.7 |
parC (ciprofloxacin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 92.9/7.1 | 39.4/60.6 |
ponA (penicillin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 96.3/3.7 | 80.0/20.0 | 86.7/13.3 | 57.1/42.9 | 39.4/60.6 |
folP (sulfonamides) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 97.6/2.4 | 100.0/− | 96.3/3.7 | 80.0/20.0 | 80.0/20.0 | 21.4/78.6 | 12.1/87.9 |
rpsJ (tetracycline) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 81.5/18.5 | 80.0/20.0 | 66.7/33.3 | 7.1/92.9 | 15.2/84.8 |
tetM plasmid (tetracycline) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 71.4/28.6 | 69.7/30.3 |
blaTEM (penicillin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 93.3/6.7 | 92.9/7.1 | 69.7/30.3 |
rpsE (spectinomycin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− |
16S rDNA (spectinomycin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− |
23S rDNA (azithromycin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− |
rpoB (rifampin) | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 100.0/− | 78.6/21.4 | 51.5/48.5 |