Fig. 5

Functional divergence sites in type-I and type-II H⁺-PPases. Left panel: The six core and ten outer transmembrane helices (TM) are shaded in black and white, while sites responsible for both type-I and type-II functional divergence are indicated in orange and blue. Right panel: magnified view of the proton transport pathway. The residues and structures involved in proton transport are labeled as follows (Reference model: 6afu.1.A): two of the 80 Type-II functionally divergent sites (AT1G15690.1 ^{R246Q and E305A}) are indicated in red, while other substitutions and conserved residues are indicated in green and magenta respectively. The figure was produced using the pyMOL programs